Note
Click here to download the full example code
This tutorial demonstrates how to plot whitened evoked data.
Data are whitened for many processes, including dipole fitting, source localization and some decoding algorithms. Viewing whitened data thus gives a different perspective on the data that these algorithms operate on.
Let’s start by loading some data and computing a signal (spatial) covariance that we’ll consider to be noise.
import mne
from mne.datasets import sample
Note
In the mne.io.Raw.plot()
with noise_cov
supplied,
you can press they “w” key to turn whitening on and off.
data_path = sample.data_path()
raw_fname = data_path + '/MEG/sample/sample_audvis_filt-0-40_raw.fif'
raw = mne.io.read_raw_fif(raw_fname, preload=True)
events = mne.find_events(raw, stim_channel='STI 014')
event_id = {'auditory/left': 1, 'auditory/right': 2, 'visual/left': 3,
'visual/right': 4, 'smiley': 5, 'button': 32}
reject = dict(grad=4000e-13, mag=4e-12, eog=150e-6)
epochs = mne.Epochs(raw, events, event_id=event_id, reject=reject)
# baseline noise cov, not a lot of samples
noise_cov = mne.compute_covariance(epochs, tmax=0., method='shrunk', rank=None,
verbose='error')
# butterfly mode shows the differences most clearly
raw.plot(events=events, butterfly=True)
raw.plot(noise_cov=noise_cov, events=events, butterfly=True)
Out:
Opening raw data file /home/circleci/mne_data/MNE-sample-data/MEG/sample/sample_audvis_filt-0-40_raw.fif...
Read a total of 4 projection items:
PCA-v1 (1 x 102) idle
PCA-v2 (1 x 102) idle
PCA-v3 (1 x 102) idle
Average EEG reference (1 x 60) idle
Range : 6450 ... 48149 = 42.956 ... 320.665 secs
Ready.
Current compensation grade : 0
Reading 0 ... 41699 = 0.000 ... 277.709 secs...
319 events found
Event IDs: [ 1 2 3 4 5 32]
319 matching events found
Applying baseline correction (mode: mean)
Not setting metadata
Created an SSP operator (subspace dimension = 4)
4 projection items activated
Created an SSP operator (subspace dimension = 1)
8 projection items activated
estimated rank (eeg): 58
8 projection items activated
estimated rank (grad): 203
Created an SSP operator (subspace dimension = 3)
8 projection items activated
estimated rank (mag): 99
epochs.plot()
epochs.plot(noise_cov=noise_cov)
Out:
Loading data for 319 events and 106 original time points ...
Rejecting epoch based on EOG : ['EOG 061']
Rejecting epoch based on EOG : ['EOG 061']
Rejecting epoch based on EOG : ['EOG 061']
Rejecting epoch based on EOG : ['EOG 061']
Rejecting epoch based on EOG : ['EOG 061']
Rejecting epoch based on EOG : ['EOG 061']
Rejecting epoch based on EOG : ['EOG 061']
Rejecting epoch based on EOG : ['EOG 061']
Rejecting epoch based on EOG : ['EOG 061']
Rejecting epoch based on EOG : ['EOG 061']
Rejecting epoch based on EOG : ['EOG 061']
Rejecting epoch based on EOG : ['EOG 061']
Rejecting epoch based on EOG : ['EOG 061']
Rejecting epoch based on EOG : ['EOG 061']
Rejecting epoch based on EOG : ['EOG 061']
Rejecting epoch based on EOG : ['EOG 061']
Rejecting epoch based on MAG : ['MEG 1711']
Rejecting epoch based on EOG : ['EOG 061']
Rejecting epoch based on EOG : ['EOG 061']
Rejecting epoch based on EOG : ['EOG 061']
Rejecting epoch based on EOG : ['EOG 061']
Rejecting epoch based on EOG : ['EOG 061']
Rejecting epoch based on MAG : ['MEG 1711']
Rejecting epoch based on EOG : ['EOG 061']
Rejecting epoch based on EOG : ['EOG 061']
Rejecting epoch based on EOG : ['EOG 061']
Rejecting epoch based on EOG : ['EOG 061']
Rejecting epoch based on EOG : ['EOG 061']
Rejecting epoch based on EOG : ['EOG 061']
Rejecting epoch based on EOG : ['EOG 061']
Rejecting epoch based on EOG : ['EOG 061']
Rejecting epoch based on EOG : ['EOG 061']
Rejecting epoch based on EOG : ['EOG 061']
Rejecting epoch based on EOG : ['EOG 061']
Rejecting epoch based on EOG : ['EOG 061']
Rejecting epoch based on EOG : ['EOG 061']
Rejecting epoch based on EOG : ['EOG 061']
Rejecting epoch based on EOG : ['EOG 061']
Rejecting epoch based on EOG : ['EOG 061']
Rejecting epoch based on EOG : ['EOG 061']
Rejecting epoch based on EOG : ['EOG 061']
Rejecting epoch based on EOG : ['EOG 061']
Rejecting epoch based on EOG : ['EOG 061']
Rejecting epoch based on EOG : ['EOG 061']
Rejecting epoch based on EOG : ['EOG 061']
Rejecting epoch based on EOG : ['EOG 061']
Rejecting epoch based on EOG : ['EOG 061']
Rejecting epoch based on EOG : ['EOG 061']
Rejecting epoch based on EOG : ['EOG 061']
Rejecting epoch based on EOG : ['EOG 061']
Rejecting epoch based on EOG : ['EOG 061']
51 bad epochs dropped
Loading data for 20 events and 106 original time points ...
Created an SSP operator (subspace dimension = 1)
8 projection items activated
estimated rank (eeg): 58
8 projection items activated
estimated rank (grad): 203
Created an SSP operator (subspace dimension = 3)
8 projection items activated
estimated rank (mag): 99
Loading data for 20 events and 106 original time points ...
evoked = epochs.average()
evoked.plot(time_unit='s')
evoked.plot(noise_cov=noise_cov, time_unit='s')
Out:
Created an SSP operator (subspace dimension = 1)
8 projection items activated
estimated rank (eeg): 58
8 projection items activated
estimated rank (grad): 203
Created an SSP operator (subspace dimension = 3)
8 projection items activated
estimated rank (mag): 99
The mne.Evoked.plot_white()
function takes an additional step of
scaling the whitened plots to show how well the assumption of Gaussian
noise is satisfied by the data:
evoked.plot_white(noise_cov=noise_cov, time_unit='s')
Out:
Created an SSP operator (subspace dimension = 1)
8 projection items activated
estimated rank (eeg): 58
8 projection items activated
estimated rank (grad): 203
Created an SSP operator (subspace dimension = 3)
8 projection items activated
estimated rank (mag): 99
Created an SSP operator (subspace dimension = 4)
Setting small MEG eigenvalues to zero.
Not doing PCA for MEG.
Setting small EEG eigenvalues to zero.
Not doing PCA for EEG.
Created the whitener using a noise covariance matrix with rank 360 (4 small eigenvalues omitted)
evoked.comment = 'All trials'
evoked.plot_topo(title='Evoked data')
evoked.plot_topo(noise_cov=noise_cov, title='Whitened evoked data')
Out:
Created an SSP operator (subspace dimension = 4)
estimated rank (mag + grad): 302
Setting small MEG eigenvalues to zero.
Not doing PCA for MEG.
estimated rank (eeg): 58
Setting small EEG eigenvalues to zero.
Not doing PCA for EEG.
Created the whitener using a noise covariance matrix with rank 360 (4 small eigenvalues omitted)
Total running time of the script: ( 0 minutes 40.333 seconds)
Estimated memory usage: 19 MB