mne.time_frequency.AverageTFR¶

class mne.time_frequency.AverageTFR(info, data, times, freqs, nave, comment=None, method=None, verbose=None)[source]¶

Container for Time-Frequency data.

Can for example store induced power at sensor level or inter-trial coherence.

Parameters

infoInfo: The measurement info.
datandarray, shape (n_channels, n_freqs, n_times): The data.
timesndarray, shape (n_times,): The time values in seconds.
freqsndarray, shape (n_freqs,): The frequencies in Hz.
naveint: The number of averaged TFRs.
commentstr | None, default None: Comment on the data, e.g., the experimental condition.
methodstr | None, default None: Comment on the method used to compute the data, e.g., morlet wavelet.
verbosebool, str, int, or None: If not None, override default verbose level (see mne.verbose() and Logging documentation for more). If used, it should be passed as a keyword-argument only.

Attributes

infoinstance of Info: Measurement info.
ch_nameslist: Channel names.
naveint: Number of averaged epochs.
datandarray, shape (n_channels, n_freqs, n_times): The data array.
timesndarray, shape (n_times,): The time values in seconds.
freqsndarray, shape (n_freqs,): The frequencies in Hz.
commentstr: Comment on dataset. Can be the condition.
methodstr | None, default None: Comment on the method used to compute the data, e.g., morlet wavelet.

Methods

`__add__`(tfr)	Add instances.
`__contains__`(ch_type)	Check channel type membership.
`__hash__`()	Hash the object.
`__mul__`(a)	Multiply source instances.
`__sub__`(tfr)	Subtract instances.
`add_channels`(add_list[, force_update_info])	Append new channels to the instance.
`apply_baseline`(baseline[, mode, verbose])	Baseline correct the data.
`copy`()	Return a copy of the instance.
`crop`([tmin, tmax, fmin, fmax, include_tmax])	Crop data to a given time interval in place.
`drop_channels`(ch_names)	Drop channel(s).
`get_channel_types`([picks, unique, only_data_chs])	Get a list of channel type for each channel.
`get_montage`()	Get a DigMontage from instance.
`pick`(picks[, exclude])	Pick a subset of channels.
`pick_channels`(ch_names[, ordered])	Pick some channels.
`pick_types`([meg, eeg, stim, eog, ecg, emg, …])	Pick some channels by type and names.
`plot`([picks, baseline, mode, tmin, tmax, …])	Plot TFRs as a two-dimensional image(s).
`plot_joint`([timefreqs, picks, baseline, …])	Plot TFRs as a two-dimensional image with topomaps.
`plot_topo`([picks, baseline, mode, tmin, …])	Plot TFRs in a topography with images.
`plot_topomap`([tmin, tmax, fmin, fmax, …])	Plot topographic maps of time-frequency intervals of TFR data.
`reorder_channels`(ch_names)	Reorder channels.
`save`(fname[, overwrite])	Save TFR object to hdf5 file.

__add__(tfr)[source]¶: Add instances.

__contains__(ch_type)[source]¶

Check channel type membership.

Parameters

ch_typestr: Channel type to check for. Can be e.g. ‘meg’, ‘eeg’, ‘stim’, etc.

Returns

inbool: Whether or not the instance contains the given channel type.

Examples

Channel type membership can be tested as:

>>> 'meg' in inst  
True
>>> 'seeg' in inst  
False

__hash__()[source]¶

Hash the object.

Returns

hashint: The hash

__mul__(a)[source]¶: Multiply source instances.

__sub__(tfr)[source]¶: Subtract instances.

add_channels(add_list, force_update_info=False)[source]¶

Append new channels to the instance.

Parameters

add_listlist: A list of objects to append to self. Must contain all the same type as the current object.
force_update_infobool: If True, force the info for objects to be appended to match the values in self. This should generally only be used when adding stim channels for which important metadata won’t be overwritten.

New in version 0.12.

Returns

instinstance of Raw, Epochs, or Evoked: The modified instance.

See also

drop_channels

Notes

If self is a Raw instance that has been preloaded into a numpy.memmap instance, the memmap will be resized.

apply_baseline(baseline, mode='mean', verbose=None)[source]¶

Baseline correct the data.

Parameters

baselinearray_like, shape (2,)

The time interval to apply rescaling / baseline correction. If None do not apply it. If baseline is (a, b) the interval is between “a (s)” and “b (s)”. If a is None the beginning of the data is used and if b is None then b is set to the end of the interval. If baseline is equal to (None, None) all the time interval is used.

Perform baseline correction by

subtracting the mean of baseline values (‘mean’)
dividing by the mean of baseline values (‘ratio’)
dividing by the mean of baseline values and taking the log (‘logratio’)
subtracting the mean of baseline values followed by dividing by the mean of baseline values (‘percent’)
subtracting the mean of baseline values and dividing by the standard deviation of baseline values (‘zscore’)
dividing by the mean of baseline values, taking the log, and dividing by the standard deviation of log baseline values (‘zlogratio’)

verbosebool, str, int, or None

If not None, override default verbose level (see mne.verbose() and Logging documentation for more). If used, it should be passed as a keyword-argument only. Defaults to self.verbose.

Returns

instinstance of AverageTFR: The modified instance.

property ch_names¶: Channel names.

property compensation_grade¶: The current gradient compensation grade.

copy()[source]¶

Return a copy of the instance.

Returns

copyinstance of EpochsTFR | instance of AverageTFR: A copy of the instance.

crop(tmin=None, tmax=None, fmin=None, fmax=None, include_tmax=True)[source]¶

Crop data to a given time interval in place.

Parameters

tminfloat | None: Start time of selection in seconds.
tmaxfloat | None: End time of selection in seconds.
fminfloat | None: Lowest frequency of selection in Hz.

New in version 0.18.0.
fmaxfloat | None: Highest frequency of selection in Hz.

New in version 0.18.0.
include_tmaxbool: If True (default), include tmax. If False, exclude tmax (similar to how Python indexing typically works).

New in version 0.19.

Returns

instinstance of AverageTFR: The modified instance.

drop_channels(ch_names)[source]¶

Drop channel(s).

Parameters

ch_namesiterable or str: Iterable (e.g. list) of channel name(s) or channel name to remove.

Returns

instinstance of Raw, Epochs, or Evoked: The modified instance.

See also

reorder_channels
pick_channels
pick_types

Notes

New in version 0.9.0.

get_channel_types(picks=None, unique=False, only_data_chs=False)[source]¶

Get a list of channel type for each channel.

Parameters

picksstr | list | slice | None: Channels to include. Slices and lists of integers will be interpreted as channel indices. In lists, channel type strings (e.g., ['meg', 'eeg']) will pick channels of those types, channel name strings (e.g., ['MEG0111', 'MEG2623'] will pick the given channels. Can also be the string values “all” to pick all channels, or “data” to pick data channels. None (default) will pick all channels.
uniquebool: Whether to return only unique channel types. Default is False.
only_data_chsbool: Whether to ignore non-data channels. Default is False.

Returns

channel_typeslist: The channel types.

get_montage()[source]¶

Get a DigMontage from instance.

Returns

montageNone | str | DigMontage: A montage containing channel positions. If str or DigMontage is specified, the channel info will be updated with the channel positions. Default is None. See also the documentation of mne.channels.DigMontage for more information.

pick(picks, exclude=())[source]¶

Pick a subset of channels.

Parameters

picksstr | list | slice | None: Channels to include. Slices and lists of integers will be interpreted as channel indices. In lists, channel type strings (e.g., ['meg', 'eeg']) will pick channels of those types, channel name strings (e.g., ['MEG0111', 'MEG2623'] will pick the given channels. Can also be the string values “all” to pick all channels, or “data” to pick data channels. None (default) will pick all channels.
excludelist | str: Set of channels to exclude, only used when picking based on types (e.g., exclude=”bads” when picks=”meg”).

Returns

instinstance of Raw, Epochs, or Evoked: The modified instance.

pick_channels(ch_names, ordered=False)[source]¶

Pick some channels.

Parameters

ch_nameslist: The list of channels to select.
orderedbool: If True (default False), ensure that the order of the channels in the modified instance matches the order of ch_names.

New in version 0.20.0.

Returns

instinstance of Raw, Epochs, or Evoked: The modified instance.

See also

drop_channels
pick_types
reorder_channels

Notes

The channel names given are assumed to be a set, i.e. the order does not matter. The original order of the channels is preserved. You can use reorder_channels to set channel order if necessary.

New in version 0.9.0.

pick_types(meg=None, eeg=False, stim=False, eog=False, ecg=False, emg=False, ref_meg='auto', misc=False, resp=False, chpi=False, exci=False, ias=False, syst=False, seeg=False, dipole=False, gof=False, bio=False, ecog=False, fnirs=False, csd=False, include=(), exclude='bads', selection=None, verbose=None)[source]¶

Pick some channels by type and names.

Parameters

megbool | str: If True include MEG channels. If string it can be ‘mag’, ‘grad’, ‘planar1’ or ‘planar2’ to select only magnetometers, all gradiometers, or a specific type of gradiometer.
eegbool: If True include EEG channels.
stimbool: If True include stimulus channels.
eogbool: If True include EOG channels.
ecgbool: If True include ECG channels.
emgbool: If True include EMG channels.
ref_megbool | str: If True include CTF / 4D reference channels. If ‘auto’, reference channels are included if compensations are present and meg is not False. Can also be the string options for the meg parameter.
miscbool: If True include miscellaneous analog channels.
respbool: If True include response-trigger channel. For some MEG systems this is separate from the stim channel.
chpibool: If True include continuous HPI coil channels.
excibool: Flux excitation channel used to be a stimulus channel.
iasbool: Internal Active Shielding data (maybe on Triux only).
systbool: System status channel information (on Triux systems only).
seegbool: Stereotactic EEG channels.
dipolebool: Dipole time course channels.
gofbool: Dipole goodness of fit channels.
biobool: Bio channels.
ecogbool: Electrocorticography channels.
fnirsbool | str: Functional near-infrared spectroscopy channels. If True include all fNIRS channels. If False (default) include none. If string it can be ‘hbo’ (to include channels measuring oxyhemoglobin) or ‘hbr’ (to include channels measuring deoxyhemoglobin).
csdbool: EEG-CSD channels.
includelist of str: List of additional channels to include. If empty do not include any.
excludelist of str | str: List of channels to exclude. If ‘bads’ (default), exclude channels in info['bads'].
selectionlist of str: Restrict sensor channels (MEG, EEG) to this list of channel names.
verbosebool, str, int, or None: If not None, override default verbose level (see mne.verbose() and Logging documentation for more). If used, it should be passed as a keyword-argument only. Defaults to self.verbose.

Returns

instinstance of Raw, Epochs, or Evoked: The modified instance.

See also

pick_channels

Notes

New in version 0.9.0.

plot(picks=None, baseline=None, mode='mean', tmin=None, tmax=None, fmin=None, fmax=None, vmin=None, vmax=None, cmap='RdBu_r', dB=False, colorbar=True, show=True, title=None, axes=None, layout=None, yscale='auto', mask=None, mask_style=None, mask_cmap='Greys', mask_alpha=0.1, combine=None, exclude=[], verbose=None)[source]¶

Plot TFRs as a two-dimensional image(s).

Parameters

picksstr | list | slice | None

Channels to include. Slices and lists of integers will be interpreted as channel indices. In lists, channel type strings (e.g., ['meg', 'eeg']) will pick channels of those types, channel name strings (e.g., ['MEG0111', 'MEG2623'] will pick the given channels. Can also be the string values “all” to pick all channels, or “data” to pick data channels. None (default) will pick good data channels.

baselineNone (default) or tuple, shape (2,)

The time interval to apply baseline correction. If None do not apply it. If baseline is (a, b) the interval is between “a (s)” and “b (s)”. If a is None the beginning of the data is used and if b is None then b is set to the end of the interval. If baseline is equal to (None, None) all the time interval is used.

Perform baseline correction by

subtracting the mean of baseline values (‘mean’)
dividing by the mean of baseline values (‘ratio’)
dividing by the mean of baseline values and taking the log (‘logratio’)
subtracting the mean of baseline values followed by dividing by the mean of baseline values (‘percent’)
subtracting the mean of baseline values and dividing by the standard deviation of baseline values (‘zscore’)
dividing by the mean of baseline values, taking the log, and dividing by the standard deviation of log baseline values (‘zlogratio’)

tminNone | float

The first time instant to display. If None the first time point available is used.

tmaxNone | float

The last time instant to display. If None the last time point available is used.

fminNone | float

The first frequency to display. If None the first frequency available is used.

fmaxNone | float

The last frequency to display. If None the last frequency available is used.

vminfloat | None

The minimum value an the color scale. If vmin is None, the data minimum value is used.

vmaxfloat | None

The maximum value an the color scale. If vmax is None, the data maximum value is used.

cmapmatplotlib colormap | ‘interactive’ | (colormap, bool)

The colormap to use. If tuple, the first value indicates the colormap to use and the second value is a boolean defining interactivity. In interactive mode the colors are adjustable by clicking and dragging the colorbar with left and right mouse button. Left mouse button moves the scale up and down and right mouse button adjusts the range. Hitting space bar resets the range. Up and down arrows can be used to change the colormap. If ‘interactive’, translates to (‘RdBu_r’, True). Defaults to ‘RdBu_r’.

Warning

Interactive mode works smoothly only for a small amount of images.

dBbool

If True, 10*log10 is applied to the data to get dB.

colorbarbool

If true, colorbar will be added to the plot. For user defined axes, the colorbar cannot be drawn. Defaults to True.

showbool

Call pyplot.show() at the end.

titlestr | ‘auto’ | None

String for title. Defaults to None (blank/no title). If ‘auto’, automatically create a title that lists up to 6 of the channels used in the figure.

axesinstance of Axes | list | None

The axes to plot to. If list, the list must be a list of Axes of the same length as the number of channels. If instance of Axes, there must be only one channel plotted.

layoutLayout | None

Layout instance specifying sensor positions. Used for interactive plotting of topographies on rectangle selection. If possible, the correct layout is inferred from the data.

yscale‘auto’ (default) | ‘linear’ | ‘log’

The scale of y (frequency) axis. ‘linear’ gives linear y axis, ‘log’ leads to log-spaced y axis and ‘auto’ detects if frequencies are log-spaced and only then sets the y axis to ‘log’.

New in version 0.14.0.

maskndarray | None

An array of booleans of the same shape as the data. Entries of the data that correspond to False in the mask are plotted transparently. Useful for, e.g., masking for statistical significance.

New in version 0.16.0.

mask_styleNone | ‘both’ | ‘contour’ | ‘mask’

If mask is not None: if 'contour', a contour line is drawn around the masked areas (True in mask). If 'mask', entries not True in mask are shown transparently. If 'both', both a contour and transparency are used. If None, defaults to 'both' if mask is not None, and is ignored otherwise.

New in version 0.17.

mask_cmapmatplotlib colormap | (colormap, bool) | ‘interactive’

The colormap chosen for masked parts of the image (see below), if mask is not None. If None, cmap is reused. Defaults to 'Greys'. Not interactive. Otherwise, as cmap.

New in version 0.17.

mask_alphafloat

A float between 0 and 1. If mask is not None, this sets the alpha level (degree of transparency) for the masked-out segments. I.e., if 0, masked-out segments are not visible at all. Defaults to 0.1.

New in version 0.16.0.

combine‘mean’ | ‘rms’ | None

Type of aggregation to perform across selected channels. If None, plot one figure per selected channel.

excludelist of str | ‘bads’

Channels names to exclude from being shown. If ‘bads’, the bad channels are excluded. Defaults to an empty list.

verbosebool, str, int, or None

If not None, override default verbose level (see mne.verbose() and Logging documentation for more). If used, it should be passed as a keyword-argument only. Defaults to self.verbose.

Returns

figmatplotlib.figure.Figure: The figure containing the topography.

Examples using plot:

Time-frequency on simulated data (Multitaper vs. Morlet vs. Stockwell)¶

Decoding in time-frequency space using Common Spatial Patterns (CSP)¶

Overview of MEG/EEG analysis with MNE-Python¶

Frequency and time-frequency sensors analysis¶

plot_joint(timefreqs=None, picks=None, baseline=None, mode='mean', tmin=None, tmax=None, fmin=None, fmax=None, vmin=None, vmax=None, cmap='RdBu_r', dB=False, colorbar=True, show=True, title=None, yscale='auto', combine='mean', exclude=[], topomap_args=None, image_args=None, verbose=None)[source]¶

Plot TFRs as a two-dimensional image with topomaps.

Parameters

timefreqsNone | list of tuple | dict of tuple: The time-frequency point(s) for which topomaps will be plotted. See Notes.
picksstr | list | slice | None: Channels to include. Slices and lists of integers will be interpreted as channel indices. In lists, channel type strings (e.g., ['meg', 'eeg']) will pick channels of those types, channel name strings (e.g., ['MEG0111', 'MEG2623'] will pick the given channels. Can also be the string values “all” to pick all channels, or “data” to pick data channels. None (default) will pick good data channels.
baselineNone (default) or tuple of length 2: The time interval to apply baseline correction. If None do not apply it. If baseline is (a, b) the interval is between “a (s)” and “b (s)”. If a is None, the beginning of the data is used. If b is None, then b is set to the end of the interval. If baseline is equal to (None, None), the entire time interval is used.
modeNone | str: If str, must be one of ‘ratio’, ‘zscore’, ‘mean’, ‘percent’, ‘logratio’ and ‘zlogratio’. Do baseline correction with ratio (power is divided by mean power during baseline) or zscore (power is divided by standard deviation of power during baseline after subtracting the mean, power = [power - mean(power_baseline)] / std(power_baseline)), mean simply subtracts the mean power, percent is the same as applying ratio then mean, logratio is the same as mean but then rendered in log-scale, zlogratio is the same as zscore but data is rendered in log-scale first. If None no baseline correction is applied.
tminNone | float: The first time instant to display. If None the first time point available is used.
tmaxNone | float: The last time instant to display. If None the last time point available is used.
fminNone | float: The first frequency to display. If None the first frequency available is used.
fmaxNone | float: The last frequency to display. If None the last frequency available is used.
vminfloat | None: The minimum value of the color scale for the image (for topomaps, see topomap_args). If vmin is None, the data absolute minimum value is used.
vmaxfloat | None: The maximum value of the color scale for the image (for topomaps, see topomap_args). If vmax is None, the data absolute maximum value is used.
cmapmatplotlib colormap: The colormap to use.
dBbool: If True, 10*log10 is applied to the data to get dB.
colorbarbool: If true, colorbar will be added to the plot (relating to the topomaps). For user defined axes, the colorbar cannot be drawn. Defaults to True.
showbool: Call pyplot.show() at the end.
titlestr | None: String for title. Defaults to None (blank/no title).
yscale‘auto’ (default) | ‘linear’ | ‘log’: The scale of y (frequency) axis. ‘linear’ gives linear y axis, ‘log’ leads to log-spaced y axis and ‘auto’ detects if frequencies are log-spaced and only then sets the y axis to ‘log’.
combine‘mean’ | ‘rms’: Type of aggregation to perform across selected channels.
excludelist of str | ‘bads’: Channels names to exclude from being shown. If ‘bads’, the bad channels are excluded. Defaults to an empty list, i.e., [].
topomap_argsNone | dict: A dict of kwargs that are forwarded to mne.viz.plot_topomap() to style the topomaps. axes and show are ignored. If times is not in this dict, automatic peak detection is used. Beyond that, if None, no customizable arguments will be passed. Defaults to None.
image_argsNone | dict: A dict of kwargs that are forwarded to AverageTFR.plot() to style the image. axes and show are ignored. Beyond that, if None, no customizable arguments will be passed. Defaults to None.
verbosebool, str, int, or None: If not None, override default verbose level (see mne.verbose() and Logging documentation for more). If used, it should be passed as a keyword-argument only. Defaults to self.verbose.

Returns

figmatplotlib.figure.Figure: The figure containing the topography.

Notes

timefreqs has three different modes: tuples, dicts, and auto. For (list of) tuple(s) mode, each tuple defines a pair (time, frequency) in s and Hz on the TFR plot. For example, to look at 10 Hz activity 1 second into the epoch and 3 Hz activity 300 msec into the epoch,

timefreqs=((1, 10), (.3, 3))

If provided as a dictionary, (time, frequency) tuples are keys and (time_window, frequency_window) tuples are the values - indicating the width of the windows (centered on the time and frequency indicated by the key) to be averaged over. For example,

timefreqs={(1, 10): (0.1, 2)}

would translate into a window that spans 0.95 to 1.05 seconds, as well as 9 to 11 Hz. If None, a single topomap will be plotted at the absolute peak across the time-frequency representation.

New in version 0.16.0.

Examples using plot_joint:

Frequency and time-frequency sensors analysis¶

plot_topo(picks=None, baseline=None, mode='mean', tmin=None, tmax=None, fmin=None, fmax=None, vmin=None, vmax=None, layout=None, cmap='RdBu_r', title=None, dB=False, colorbar=True, layout_scale=0.945, show=True, border='none', fig_facecolor='k', fig_background=None, font_color='w', yscale='auto', verbose=None)[source]¶

Plot TFRs in a topography with images.

Parameters

picksstr | list | slice | None

baselineNone (default) or tuple of length 2

Perform baseline correction by

subtracting the mean of baseline values (‘mean’)
dividing by the mean of baseline values (‘ratio’)
dividing by the mean of baseline values and taking the log (‘logratio’)
subtracting the mean of baseline values followed by dividing by the mean of baseline values (‘percent’)
subtracting the mean of baseline values and dividing by the standard deviation of baseline values (‘zscore’)
dividing by the mean of baseline values, taking the log, and dividing by the standard deviation of log baseline values (‘zlogratio’)

tminNone | float

The first time instant to display. If None the first time point available is used.

tmaxNone | float

The last time instant to display. If None the last time point available is used.

fminNone | float

The first frequency to display. If None the first frequency available is used.

fmaxNone | float

The last frequency to display. If None the last frequency available is used.

vminfloat | None

The minimum value of the color scale. If vmin is None, the data minimum value is used.

vmaxfloat | None

The maximum value of the color scale. If vmax is None, the data maximum value is used.

layoutLayout | None

Layout instance specifying sensor positions. If possible, the correct layout is inferred from the data.

cmapmatplotlib colormap | str

The colormap to use. Defaults to ‘RdBu_r’.

titlestr

Title of the figure.

dBbool

If True, 10*log10 is applied to the data to get dB.

colorbarbool

If true, colorbar will be added to the plot.

layout_scalefloat

Scaling factor for adjusting the relative size of the layout on the canvas.

showbool

Call pyplot.show() at the end.

borderstr

Matplotlib borders style to be used for each sensor plot.

fig_facecolorcolor

The figure face color. Defaults to black.

fig_backgroundNone | array

A background image for the figure. This must be a valid input to matplotlib.pyplot.imshow. Defaults to None.

font_colorcolor

The color of tick labels in the colorbar. Defaults to white.

yscale‘auto’ (default) | ‘linear’ | ‘log’

verbosebool, str, int, or None

If not None, override default verbose level (see mne.verbose() and Logging documentation for more). If used, it should be passed as a keyword-argument only.

Returns

figmatplotlib.figure.Figure: The figure containing the topography.

Examples using plot_topo:

Compute seed-based time-frequency connectivity in sensor space¶

Frequency and time-frequency sensors analysis¶

plot_topomap(tmin=None, tmax=None, fmin=None, fmax=None, ch_type=None, baseline=None, mode='mean', vmin=None, vmax=None, cmap=None, sensors=True, colorbar=True, unit=None, res=64, size=2, cbar_fmt='%1.1e', show_names=False, title=None, axes=None, show=True, outlines='head', contours=6, sphere=None)[source]¶

Plot topographic maps of time-frequency intervals of TFR data.

Parameters

tminNone | float

The first time instant to display. If None the first time point available is used.

tmaxNone | float

The last time instant to display. If None the last time point available is used.

fminNone | float

The first frequency to display. If None the first frequency available is used.

fmaxNone | float

The last frequency to display. If None the last frequency available is used.

The channel type to plot. For ‘grad’, the gradiometers are collected in pairs and the RMS for each pair is plotted. If None, then first available channel type from order given above is used. Defaults to None.

baselinetuple or list of length 2

Perform baseline correction by

subtracting the mean of baseline values (‘mean’)
dividing by the mean of baseline values (‘ratio’)
dividing by the mean of baseline values and taking the log (‘logratio’)
subtracting the mean of baseline values followed by dividing by the mean of baseline values (‘percent’)
subtracting the mean of baseline values and dividing by the standard deviation of baseline values (‘zscore’)
dividing by the mean of baseline values, taking the log, and dividing by the standard deviation of log baseline values (‘zlogratio’)

vminfloat | callable() | None

The value specifying the lower bound of the color range. If None, and vmax is None, -vmax is used. Else np.min(data) or in case data contains only positive values 0. If callable, the output equals vmin(data). Defaults to None.

vmaxfloat | callable() | None

The value specifying the upper bound of the color range. If None, the maximum value is used. If callable, the output equals vmax(data). Defaults to None.

cmapmatplotlib colormap | (colormap, bool) | ‘interactive’ | None

Colormap to use. If tuple, the first value indicates the colormap to use and the second value is a boolean defining interactivity. In interactive mode the colors are adjustable by clicking and dragging the colorbar with left and right mouse button. Left mouse button moves the scale up and down and right mouse button adjusts the range. Hitting space bar resets the range. Up and down arrows can be used to change the colormap. If None (default), ‘Reds’ is used for all positive data, otherwise defaults to ‘RdBu_r’. If ‘interactive’, translates to (None, True).

sensorsbool | str

Add markers for sensor locations to the plot. Accepts matplotlib plot format string (e.g., ‘r+’ for red plusses). If True, a circle will be used (via .add_artist). Defaults to True.

colorbarbool

Plot a colorbar.

unitdict | str | None

The unit of the channel type used for colorbar label. If scale is None the unit is automatically determined.

resint

The resolution of the topomap image (n pixels along each side).

sizefloat

Side length per topomap in inches.

cbar_fmtstr

String format for colorbar values.

show_namesbool | callable()

If True, show channel names on top of the map. If a callable is passed, channel names will be formatted using the callable; e.g., to delete the prefix ‘MEG ‘ from all channel names, pass the function lambda x: x.replace(‘MEG ‘, ‘’). If mask is not None, only significant sensors will be shown.

titlestr | None

Title. If None (default), no title is displayed.

axesinstance of Axes | None

The axes to plot to. If None the axes is defined automatically.

showbool

Call pyplot.show() at the end.

outlines‘head’ | ‘skirt’ | dict | None

The outlines to be drawn. If ‘head’, the default head scheme will be drawn. If ‘skirt’ the head scheme will be drawn, but sensors are allowed to be plotted outside of the head circle. If dict, each key refers to a tuple of x and y positions, the values in ‘mask_pos’ will serve as image mask. Alternatively, a matplotlib patch object can be passed for advanced masking options, either directly or as a function that returns patches (required for multi-axis plots). If None, nothing will be drawn. Defaults to ‘head’.

contoursint | array of float

The number of contour lines to draw. If 0, no contours will be drawn. When an integer, matplotlib ticker locator is used to find suitable values for the contour thresholds (may sometimes be inaccurate, use array for accuracy). If an array, the values represent the levels for the contours. If colorbar=True, the ticks in colorbar correspond to the contour levels. Defaults to 6.

spherefloat | array_like | str | None

The sphere parameters to use for the cartoon head. Can be array-like of shape (4,) to give the X/Y/Z origin and radius in meters, or a single float to give the radius (origin assumed 0, 0, 0). Can also be a spherical ConductorModel, which will use the origin and radius. Can be “auto” to use a digitization-based fit. Can also be None (default) to use ‘auto’ when enough extra digitization points are available, and 0.095 otherwise. Currently the head radius does not affect plotting.

New in version 0.20.

Returns