Representational Similarity Analysis¶

Representational Similarity Analysis is used to perform summary statistics on supervised classifications where the number of classes is relatively high. It consists in characterizing the structure of the confusion matrix to infer the similarity between brain responses and serves as a proxy for characterizing the space of mental representations 1 2 3.

In this example, we perform RSA on responses to 24 object images (among a list of 92 images). Subjects were presented with images of human, animal and inanimate objects 4. Here we use the 24 unique images of faces and body parts.

Note

this example will download a very large (~6GB) file, so we will not build the images below.

# Authors: Jean-Remi King <jeanremi.king@gmail.com>
#          Jaakko Leppakangas <jaeilepp@student.jyu.fi>
#          Alexandre Gramfort <alexandre.gramfort@inria.fr>
#
# License: BSD (3-clause)

import os.path as op
import numpy as np
from pandas import read_csv
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

from sklearn.model_selection import StratifiedKFold
from sklearn.pipeline import make_pipeline
from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler
from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression
from sklearn.metrics import roc_auc_score
from sklearn.manifold import MDS

import mne
from mne.io import read_raw_fif, concatenate_raws
from mne.datasets import visual_92_categories


print(__doc__)

data_path = visual_92_categories.data_path()

# Define stimulus - trigger mapping
fname = op.join(data_path, 'visual_stimuli.csv')
conds = read_csv(fname)
print(conds.head(5))

Let’s restrict the number of conditions to speed up computation

max_trigger = 24
conds = conds[:max_trigger]  # take only the first 24 rows

Define stimulus - trigger mapping

conditions = []
for c in conds.values:
    cond_tags = list(c[:2])
    cond_tags += [('not-' if i == 0 else '') + conds.columns[k]
                  for k, i in enumerate(c[2:], 2)]
    conditions.append('/'.join(map(str, cond_tags)))
print(conditions[:10])

Let’s make the event_id dictionary

event_id = dict(zip(conditions, conds.trigger + 1))
event_id['0/human bodypart/human/not-face/animal/natural']

Read MEG data

n_runs = 4  # 4 for full data (use less to speed up computations)
fname = op.join(data_path, 'sample_subject_%i_tsss_mc.fif')
raws = [read_raw_fif(fname % block, verbose='error')
        for block in range(n_runs)]  # ignore filename warnings
raw = concatenate_raws(raws)

events = mne.find_events(raw, min_duration=.002)

events = events[events[:, 2] <= max_trigger]

Epoch data

picks = mne.pick_types(raw.info, meg=True)
epochs = mne.Epochs(raw, events=events, event_id=event_id, baseline=None,
                    picks=picks, tmin=-.1, tmax=.500, preload=True)

Let’s plot some conditions

epochs['face'].average().plot()
epochs['not-face'].average().plot()

Representational Similarity Analysis (RSA) is a neuroimaging-specific appelation to refer to statistics applied to the confusion matrix also referred to as the representational dissimilarity matrices (RDM).

Compared to the approach from Cichy et al. we’ll use a multiclass classifier (Multinomial Logistic Regression) while the paper uses all pairwise binary classification task to make the RDM. Also we use here the ROC-AUC as performance metric while the paper uses accuracy. Finally here for the sake of time we use RSA on a window of data while Cichy et al. did it for all time instants separately.

# Classify using the average signal in the window 50ms to 300ms
# to focus the classifier on the time interval with best SNR.
clf = make_pipeline(StandardScaler(),
                    LogisticRegression(C=1, solver='liblinear',
                                       multi_class='auto'))
X = epochs.copy().crop(0.05, 0.3).get_data().mean(axis=2)
y = epochs.events[:, 2]

classes = set(y)
cv = StratifiedKFold(n_splits=5, random_state=0, shuffle=True)

# Compute confusion matrix for each cross-validation fold
y_pred = np.zeros((len(y), len(classes)))
for train, test in cv.split(X, y):
    # Fit
    clf.fit(X[train], y[train])
    # Probabilistic prediction (necessary for ROC-AUC scoring metric)
    y_pred[test] = clf.predict_proba(X[test])

Compute confusion matrix using ROC-AUC

confusion = np.zeros((len(classes), len(classes)))
for ii, train_class in enumerate(classes):
    for jj in range(ii, len(classes)):
        confusion[ii, jj] = roc_auc_score(y == train_class, y_pred[:, jj])
        confusion[jj, ii] = confusion[ii, jj]

Plot

labels = [''] * 5 + ['face'] + [''] * 11 + ['bodypart'] + [''] * 6
fig, ax = plt.subplots(1)
im = ax.matshow(confusion, cmap='RdBu_r', clim=[0.3, 0.7])
ax.set_yticks(range(len(classes)))
ax.set_yticklabels(labels)
ax.set_xticks(range(len(classes)))
ax.set_xticklabels(labels, rotation=40, ha='left')
ax.axhline(11.5, color='k')
ax.axvline(11.5, color='k')
plt.colorbar(im)
plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()

Confusion matrix related to mental representations have been historically summarized with dimensionality reduction using multi-dimensional scaling [1]. See how the face samples cluster together.

fig, ax = plt.subplots(1)
mds = MDS(2, random_state=0, dissimilarity='precomputed')
chance = 0.5
summary = mds.fit_transform(chance - confusion)
cmap = plt.get_cmap('rainbow')
colors = ['r', 'b']
names = list(conds['condition'].values)
for color, name in zip(colors, set(names)):
    sel = np.where([this_name == name for this_name in names])[0]
    size = 500 if name == 'human face' else 100
    ax.scatter(summary[sel, 0], summary[sel, 1], s=size,
               facecolors=color, label=name, edgecolors='k')
ax.axis('off')
ax.legend(loc='lower right', scatterpoints=1, ncol=2)
plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()

References¶

1: Roger N. Shepard. Multidimensional scaling, tree-fitting, and clustering. Science, 210(4468):390–398, 1980. doi:10.1126/science.210.4468.390.
2: Aarre Laakso and Garrison Cottrell. Content and cluster analysis: assessing representational similarity in neural systems. Philosophical Psychology, 13(1):47–76, 2000. doi:10.1080/09515080050002726.
3: Nikolaus Kriegeskorte, Marieke Mur, and Peter Bandettini. Representational similarity analysis – connecting the branches of systems neuroscience. Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience, 2:4, 2008. doi:10.3389/neuro.06.004.2008.
4: Radoslaw Martin Cichy, Dimitrios Pantazis, and Aude Oliva. Resolving human object recognition in space and time. Nature Neuroscience, 17(3):455–462, 2014. doi:10.1038/nn.3635.