Repairing artifacts with SSP

This tutorial covers the basics of signal-space projection (SSP) and shows how SSP can be used for artifact repair; extended examples illustrate use of SSP for environmental noise reduction, and for repair of ocular and heartbeat artifacts.

We begin as always by importing the necessary Python modules. To save ourselves from repeatedly typing mne.preprocessing we’ll directly import a handful of functions from that submodule:

import os
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import mne
from mne.preprocessing import (create_eog_epochs, create_ecg_epochs,
                               compute_proj_ecg, compute_proj_eog)

Note

Before applying SSP (or any artifact repair strategy), be sure to observe the artifacts in your data to make sure you choose the right repair tool. Sometimes the right tool is no tool at all — if the artifacts are small enough you may not even need to repair them to get good analysis results. See Overview of artifact detection for guidance on detecting and visualizing various types of artifact.

What is SSP?

Signal-space projection (SSP) 1 is a technique for removing noise from EEG and MEG signals by projecting the signal onto a lower-dimensional subspace. The subspace is chosen by calculating the average pattern across sensors when the noise is present, treating that pattern as a “direction” in the sensor space, and constructing the subspace to be orthogonal to the noise direction (for a detailed walk-through of projection see Background on projectors and projections).

The most common use of SSP is to remove noise from MEG signals when the noise comes from environmental sources (sources outside the subject’s body and the MEG system, such as the electromagnetic fields from nearby electrical equipment) and when that noise is stationary (doesn’t change much over the duration of the recording). However, SSP can also be used to remove biological artifacts such as heartbeat (ECG) and eye movement (EOG) artifacts. Examples of each of these are given below.

Example: Environmental noise reduction from empty-room recordings

The example data was recorded on a Neuromag system, which stores SSP projectors for environmental noise removal in the system configuration (so that reasonably clean raw data can be viewed in real-time during acquisition). For this reason, all the Raw data in the example dataset already includes SSP projectors, which are noted in the output when loading the data:

sample_data_folder = mne.datasets.sample.data_path()
sample_data_raw_file = os.path.join(sample_data_folder, 'MEG', 'sample',
                                    'sample_audvis_raw.fif')
raw = mne.io.read_raw_fif(sample_data_raw_file)

Out:

Opening raw data file /home/circleci/mne_data/MNE-sample-data/MEG/sample/sample_audvis_raw.fif...
    Read a total of 3 projection items:
        PCA-v1 (1 x 102)  idle
        PCA-v2 (1 x 102)  idle
        PCA-v3 (1 x 102)  idle
    Range : 25800 ... 192599 =     42.956 ...   320.670 secs
Ready.

The example data also includes an “empty room” recording taken the same day as the recording of the subject. This will provide a more accurate estimate of environmental noise than the projectors stored with the system (which are typically generated during annual maintenance and tuning). Since we have this subject-specific empty-room recording, we’ll create our own projectors from it and discard the system-provided SSP projectors (saving them first, for later comparison with the custom ones):

system_projs = raw.info['projs']
raw.del_proj()
empty_room_file = os.path.join(sample_data_folder, 'MEG', 'sample',
                               'ernoise_raw.fif')
empty_room_raw = mne.io.read_raw_fif(empty_room_file)

Out:

Opening raw data file /home/circleci/mne_data/MNE-sample-data/MEG/sample/ernoise_raw.fif...
Isotrak not found
    Read a total of 3 projection items:
        PCA-v1 (1 x 102)  idle
        PCA-v2 (1 x 102)  idle
        PCA-v3 (1 x 102)  idle
    Range : 19800 ... 85867 =     32.966 ...   142.965 secs
Ready.

Notice that the empty room recording itself has the system-provided SSP projectors in it — we’ll remove those from the empty room file too.

empty_room_raw.del_proj()

Visualizing the empty-room noise

Let’s take a look at the spectrum of the empty room noise. We can view an individual spectrum for each sensor, or an average (with confidence band) across sensors:

for average in (False, True):
    empty_room_raw.plot_psd(average=average, dB=False, xscale='log')

• 
• 

Out:

Effective window size : 3.410 (s)
Effective window size : 3.410 (s)
Effective window size : 3.410 (s)
Effective window size : 3.410 (s)

Creating the empty-room projectors

We create the SSP vectors using compute_proj_raw, and control the number of projectors with parameters n_grad and n_mag. Once created, the field pattern of the projectors can be easily visualized with plot_projs_topomap. We include the parameter vlim='joint' so that the colormap is computed jointly for all projectors of a given channel type; this makes it easier to compare their relative smoothness. Note that for the function to know the types of channels in a projector, you must also provide the corresponding Info object:

empty_room_projs = mne.compute_proj_raw(empty_room_raw, n_grad=3, n_mag=3)
mne.viz.plot_projs_topomap(empty_room_projs, colorbar=True, vlim='joint',
                           info=empty_room_raw.info)

Out:

Not setting metadata
Not setting metadata
109 matching events found
No baseline correction applied
Adding projection: planar-Raw-0.000-110.001-PCA-01
Adding projection: planar-Raw-0.000-110.001-PCA-02
Adding projection: planar-Raw-0.000-110.001-PCA-03
Adding projection: axial-Raw-0.000-110.001-PCA-01
Adding projection: axial-Raw-0.000-110.001-PCA-02
Adding projection: axial-Raw-0.000-110.001-PCA-03

Notice that the gradiometer-based projectors seem to reflect problems with individual sensor units rather than a global noise source (indeed, planar gradiometers are much less sensitive to distant sources). This is the reason that the system-provided noise projectors are computed only for magnetometers. Comparing the system-provided projectors to the subject-specific ones, we can see they are reasonably similar (though in a different order) and the left-right component seems to have changed polarity.

fig, axs = plt.subplots(2, 3)
for idx, _projs in enumerate([system_projs, empty_room_projs[3:]]):
    mne.viz.plot_projs_topomap(_projs, axes=axs[idx], colorbar=True,
                               vlim='joint', info=empty_room_raw.info)

Visualizing how projectors affect the signal

We could visualize the different effects these have on the data by applying each set of projectors to different copies of the Raw object using apply_proj. However, the plot method has a proj parameter that allows us to temporarily apply projectors while plotting, so we can use this to visualize the difference without needing to copy the data. Because the projectors are so similar, we need to zoom in pretty close on the data to see any differences:

mags = mne.pick_types(raw.info, meg='mag')
for title, projs in [('system', system_projs),
                     ('subject-specific', empty_room_projs[3:])]:
    raw.add_proj(projs, remove_existing=True)
    fig = raw.plot(proj=True, order=mags, duration=1, n_channels=2)
    fig.subplots_adjust(top=0.9)  # make room for title
    fig.suptitle('{} projectors'.format(title), size='xx-large', weight='bold')

• 
• 

Out:

3 projection items deactivated
3 projection items deactivated

The effect is sometimes easier to see on averaged data. Here we use an interactive feature of mne.Evoked.plot_topomap to turn projectors on and off to see the effect on the data. Of course, the interactivity won’t work on the tutorial website, but you can download the tutorial and try it locally:

events = mne.find_events(raw, stim_channel='STI 014')
event_id = {'auditory/left': 1}

# NOTE: appropriate rejection criteria are highly data-dependent
reject = dict(mag=4000e-15,     # 4000 fT
              grad=4000e-13,    # 4000 fT/cm
              eeg=150e-6,       # 150 µV
              eog=250e-6)       # 250 µV

# time range where we expect to see the auditory N100: 50-150 ms post-stimulus
times = np.linspace(0.05, 0.15, 5)

epochs = mne.Epochs(raw, events, event_id, proj='delayed', reject=reject)
fig = epochs.average().plot_topomap(times, proj='interactive')

• 
• 

Out:

320 events found
Event IDs: [ 1  2  3  4  5 32]
Not setting metadata
Not setting metadata
72 matching events found
Setting baseline interval to [-0.19979521315838786, 0.0] sec
Applying baseline correction (mode: mean)
Entering delayed SSP mode.
Created an SSP operator (subspace dimension = 3)
    Rejecting  epoch based on EEG : ['EEG 001', 'EEG 003', 'EEG 007']
    Rejecting  epoch based on EEG : ['EEG 001', 'EEG 002', 'EEG 003', 'EEG 005', 'EEG 006', 'EEG 007']
    Rejecting  epoch based on EEG : ['EEG 001', 'EEG 002', 'EEG 003', 'EEG 006', 'EEG 007', 'EEG 015']
    Rejecting  epoch based on EEG : ['EEG 007']
    Rejecting  epoch based on EEG : ['EEG 007']
    Rejecting  epoch based on MAG : ['MEG 1711']
    Rejecting  epoch based on EEG : ['EEG 001', 'EEG 002', 'EEG 003', 'EEG 007']
    Rejecting  epoch based on EEG : ['EEG 001', 'EEG 002', 'EEG 003', 'EEG 004', 'EEG 005', 'EEG 006', 'EEG 007', 'EEG 015']
    Rejecting  epoch based on EEG : ['EEG 008']
    Rejecting  epoch based on EEG : ['EEG 003', 'EEG 007', 'EEG 008']
    Rejecting  epoch based on EEG : ['EEG 001', 'EEG 002', 'EEG 003', 'EEG 004', 'EEG 007', 'EEG 015']
    Rejecting  epoch based on EEG : ['EEG 001', 'EEG 007']
    Rejecting  epoch based on EEG : ['EEG 001', 'EEG 002', 'EEG 003', 'EEG 006', 'EEG 007']
    Rejecting  epoch based on EEG : ['EEG 003', 'EEG 007']
    Rejecting  epoch based on EEG : ['EEG 002', 'EEG 007']
    Rejecting  epoch based on EEG : ['EEG 001', 'EEG 002', 'EEG 003', 'EEG 004', 'EEG 005', 'EEG 006', 'EEG 007', 'EEG 015']
    Rejecting  epoch based on EEG : ['EEG 001', 'EEG 002', 'EEG 003', 'EEG 004', 'EEG 005', 'EEG 006', 'EEG 007', 'EEG 015']

Plotting the ERP/F using evoked.plot() or evoked.plot_joint() with and without projectors applied can also be informative, as can plotting with proj='reconstruct', which can reduce the signal bias introduced by projections (see Visualizing SSP sensor-space bias via signal reconstruction below).

Example: EOG and ECG artifact repair

Visualizing the artifacts

As mentioned in the ICA tutorial, an important first step is visualizing the artifacts you want to repair. Here they are in the raw data:

# pick some channels that clearly show heartbeats and blinks
regexp = r'(MEG [12][45][123]1|EEG 00.)'
artifact_picks = mne.pick_channels_regexp(raw.ch_names, regexp=regexp)
raw.plot(order=artifact_picks, n_channels=len(artifact_picks))

Repairing ECG artifacts with SSP

MNE-Python provides several functions for detecting and removing heartbeats from EEG and MEG data. As we saw in Overview of artifact detection, create_ecg_epochs can be used to both detect and extract heartbeat artifacts into an Epochs object, which can be used to visualize how the heartbeat artifacts manifest across the sensors:

ecg_evoked = create_ecg_epochs(raw).average()
ecg_evoked.plot_joint()

• 
• 
• 

Out:

Reconstructing ECG signal from Magnetometers
Setting up band-pass filter from 8 - 16 Hz

FIR filter parameters
---------------------
Designing a two-pass forward and reverse, zero-phase, non-causal bandpass filter:
- Windowed frequency-domain design (firwin2) method
- Hann window
- Lower passband edge: 8.00
- Lower transition bandwidth: 0.50 Hz (-12 dB cutoff frequency: 7.75 Hz)
- Upper passband edge: 16.00 Hz
- Upper transition bandwidth: 0.50 Hz (-12 dB cutoff frequency: 16.25 Hz)
- Filter length: 6007 samples (10.001 sec)

Number of ECG events detected : 283 (average pulse 61 / min.)
Not setting metadata
Not setting metadata
283 matching events found
No baseline correction applied
Created an SSP operator (subspace dimension = 3)
Loading data for 283 events and 601 original time points ...
0 bad epochs dropped
Created an SSP operator (subspace dimension = 3)
3 projection items activated
SSP projectors applied...
Removing projector <Projection | axial-Raw-0.000-110.001-PCA-01, active : True, n_channels : 102>
Removing projector <Projection | axial-Raw-0.000-110.001-PCA-02, active : True, n_channels : 102>
Removing projector <Projection | axial-Raw-0.000-110.001-PCA-03, active : True, n_channels : 102>
Removing projector <Projection | axial-Raw-0.000-110.001-PCA-01, active : True, n_channels : 102>
Removing projector <Projection | axial-Raw-0.000-110.001-PCA-02, active : True, n_channels : 102>
Removing projector <Projection | axial-Raw-0.000-110.001-PCA-03, active : True, n_channels : 102>

Looks like the EEG channels are pretty spread out; let’s baseline-correct and plot again:

ecg_evoked.apply_baseline((None, None))
ecg_evoked.plot_joint()

• 
• 
• 

Out:

Applying baseline correction (mode: mean)
Created an SSP operator (subspace dimension = 3)
3 projection items activated
SSP projectors applied...
Removing projector <Projection | axial-Raw-0.000-110.001-PCA-01, active : True, n_channels : 102>
Removing projector <Projection | axial-Raw-0.000-110.001-PCA-02, active : True, n_channels : 102>
Removing projector <Projection | axial-Raw-0.000-110.001-PCA-03, active : True, n_channels : 102>
Removing projector <Projection | axial-Raw-0.000-110.001-PCA-01, active : True, n_channels : 102>
Removing projector <Projection | axial-Raw-0.000-110.001-PCA-02, active : True, n_channels : 102>
Removing projector <Projection | axial-Raw-0.000-110.001-PCA-03, active : True, n_channels : 102>

To compute SSP projectors for the heartbeat artifact, you can use compute_proj_ecg, which takes a Raw object as input and returns the requested number of projectors for magnetometers, gradiometers, and EEG channels (default is two projectors for each channel type). compute_proj_ecg also returns an events array containing the sample numbers corresponding to the peak of the R wave of each detected heartbeat.

projs, events = compute_proj_ecg(raw, n_grad=1, n_mag=1, n_eeg=1, reject=None)

Out:

Reading 0 ... 166799  =      0.000 ...   277.714 secs...
Including 3 SSP projectors from raw file
Running ECG SSP computation
Reconstructing ECG signal from Magnetometers
Setting up band-pass filter from 5 - 35 Hz

FIR filter parameters
---------------------
Designing a two-pass forward and reverse, zero-phase, non-causal bandpass filter:
- Windowed frequency-domain design (firwin2) method
- Hann window
- Lower passband edge: 5.00
- Lower transition bandwidth: 0.50 Hz (-12 dB cutoff frequency: 4.75 Hz)
- Upper passband edge: 35.00 Hz
- Upper transition bandwidth: 0.50 Hz (-12 dB cutoff frequency: 35.25 Hz)
- Filter length: 6007 samples (10.001 sec)

Number of ECG events detected : 286 (average pulse 61 / min.)
Computing projector
Filtering a subset of channels. The highpass and lowpass values in the measurement info will not be updated.
Filtering raw data in 1 contiguous segment
Setting up band-pass filter from 1 - 35 Hz

FIR filter parameters
---------------------
Designing a two-pass forward and reverse, zero-phase, non-causal bandpass filter:
- Windowed frequency-domain design (firwin2) method
- Hamming window
- Lower passband edge: 1.00
- Lower transition bandwidth: 0.50 Hz (-12 dB cutoff frequency: 0.75 Hz)
- Upper passband edge: 35.00 Hz
- Upper transition bandwidth: 0.50 Hz (-12 dB cutoff frequency: 35.25 Hz)
- Filter length: 6007 samples (10.001 sec)

Not setting metadata
Not setting metadata
286 matching events found
No baseline correction applied
Created an SSP operator (subspace dimension = 3)
3 projection items activated
Loading data for 286 events and 361 original time points ...
0 bad epochs dropped
Adding projection: planar--0.200-0.400-PCA-01
Adding projection: axial--0.200-0.400-PCA-01
Adding projection: eeg--0.200-0.400-PCA-01
Done.

The first line of output tells us that compute_proj_ecg found three existing projectors already in the Raw object, and will include those in the list of projectors that it returns (appending the new ECG projectors to the end of the list). If you don’t want that, you can change that behavior with the boolean no_proj parameter. Since we’ve already run the computation, we can just as easily separate out the ECG projectors by indexing the list of projectors:

ecg_projs = projs[3:]
print(ecg_projs)

Out:

[<Projection | ECG-planar--0.200-0.400-PCA-01, active : False, n_channels : 203>, <Projection | ECG-axial--0.200-0.400-PCA-01, active : False, n_channels : 102>, <Projection | ECG-eeg--0.200-0.400-PCA-01, active : False, n_channels : 59>]

Just like with the empty-room projectors, we can visualize the scalp distribution:

mne.viz.plot_projs_topomap(ecg_projs, info=raw.info)

Since no dedicated ECG sensor channel was detected in the Raw object, by default compute_proj_ecg used the magnetometers to estimate the ECG signal (as stated on the third line of output, above). You can also supply the ch_name parameter to restrict which channel to use for ECG artifact detection; this is most useful when you had an ECG sensor but it is not labeled as such in the Raw file.

The next few lines of the output describe the filter used to isolate ECG events. The default settings are usually adequate, but the filter can be customized via the parameters ecg_l_freq, ecg_h_freq, and filter_length (see the documentation of compute_proj_ecg for details).

Once the ECG events have been identified, compute_proj_ecg will also filter the data channels before extracting epochs around each heartbeat, using the parameter values given in l_freq, h_freq, filter_length, filter_method, and iir_params. Here again, the default parameter values are usually adequate.

By default, the filtered epochs will be averaged together before the projection is computed; this can be controlled with the boolean average parameter. In general this improves the signal-to-noise (where “signal” here is our artifact!) ratio because the artifact temporal waveform is fairly similar across epochs and well time locked to the detected events.

To get a sense of how the heartbeat affects the signal at each sensor, you can plot the data with and without the ECG projectors:

raw.del_proj()
for title, proj in [('Without', empty_room_projs), ('With', ecg_projs)]:
    raw.add_proj(proj, remove_existing=False)
    fig = raw.plot(order=artifact_picks, n_channels=len(artifact_picks))
    fig.subplots_adjust(top=0.9)  # make room for title
    fig.suptitle('{} ECG projectors'.format(title), size='xx-large',
                 weight='bold')

• 
• 

Out:

6 projection items deactivated
3 projection items deactivated

Finally, note that above we passed reject=None to the compute_proj_ecg function, meaning that all detected ECG epochs would be used when computing the projectors (regardless of signal quality in the data sensors during those epochs). The default behavior is to reject epochs based on signal amplitude: epochs with peak-to-peak amplitudes exceeding 50 µV in EEG channels, 250 µV in EOG channels, 2000 fT/cm in gradiometer channels, or 3000 fT in magnetometer channels. You can change these thresholds by passing a dictionary with keys eeg, eog, mag, and grad (though be sure to pass the threshold values in volts, teslas, or teslas/meter). Generally, it is a good idea to reject such epochs when computing the ECG projectors (since presumably the high-amplitude fluctuations in the channels are noise, not reflective of brain activity); passing reject=None above was done simply to avoid the dozens of extra lines of output (enumerating which sensor(s) were responsible for each rejected epoch) from cluttering up the tutorial.

Note

compute_proj_ecg has a similar parameter flat for specifying the minimum acceptable peak-to-peak amplitude for each channel type.

While compute_proj_ecg conveniently combines several operations into a single function, MNE-Python also provides functions for performing each part of the process. Specifically:

• mne.preprocessing.find_ecg_events for detecting heartbeats in a Raw object and returning a corresponding events array

• mne.preprocessing.create_ecg_epochs for detecting heartbeats in a Raw object and returning an Epochs object

• mne.compute_proj_epochs for creating projector(s) from any Epochs object

See the documentation of each function for further details.

Repairing EOG artifacts with SSP

Once again let’s visualize our artifact before trying to repair it. We’ve seen above the large deflections in frontal EEG channels in the raw data; here is how the ocular artifacts manifests across all the sensors:

eog_evoked = create_eog_epochs(raw).average()
eog_evoked.apply_baseline((None, None))
eog_evoked.plot_joint()

• 
• 
• 

Out:

EOG channel index for this subject is: [375]
Filtering the data to remove DC offset to help distinguish blinks from saccades
Setting up band-pass filter from 1 - 10 Hz

FIR filter parameters
---------------------
Designing a two-pass forward and reverse, zero-phase, non-causal bandpass filter:
- Windowed frequency-domain design (firwin2) method
- Hann window
- Lower passband edge: 1.00
- Lower transition bandwidth: 0.50 Hz (-12 dB cutoff frequency: 0.75 Hz)
- Upper passband edge: 10.00 Hz
- Upper transition bandwidth: 0.50 Hz (-12 dB cutoff frequency: 10.25 Hz)
- Filter length: 6007 samples (10.001 sec)

Now detecting blinks and generating corresponding events
Found 46 significant peaks
Number of EOG events detected : 46
Not setting metadata
Not setting metadata
46 matching events found
No baseline correction applied
Created an SSP operator (subspace dimension = 9)
Loading data for 46 events and 601 original time points ...
0 bad epochs dropped
Applying baseline correction (mode: mean)
Created an SSP operator (subspace dimension = 9)
9 projection items activated
SSP projectors applied...
Removing projector <Projection | planar-Raw-0.000-110.001-PCA-01, active : True, n_channels : 203>
Removing projector <Projection | planar-Raw-0.000-110.001-PCA-02, active : True, n_channels : 203>
Removing projector <Projection | planar-Raw-0.000-110.001-PCA-03, active : True, n_channels : 203>
Removing projector <Projection | axial-Raw-0.000-110.001-PCA-01, active : True, n_channels : 102>
Removing projector <Projection | axial-Raw-0.000-110.001-PCA-02, active : True, n_channels : 102>
Removing projector <Projection | axial-Raw-0.000-110.001-PCA-03, active : True, n_channels : 102>
Removing projector <Projection | ECG-planar--0.200-0.400-PCA-01, active : True, n_channels : 203>
Removing projector <Projection | ECG-axial--0.200-0.400-PCA-01, active : True, n_channels : 102>
Removing projector <Projection | axial-Raw-0.000-110.001-PCA-01, active : True, n_channels : 102>
Removing projector <Projection | axial-Raw-0.000-110.001-PCA-02, active : True, n_channels : 102>
Removing projector <Projection | axial-Raw-0.000-110.001-PCA-03, active : True, n_channels : 102>
Removing projector <Projection | ECG-axial--0.200-0.400-PCA-01, active : True, n_channels : 102>
Removing projector <Projection | ECG-eeg--0.200-0.400-PCA-01, active : True, n_channels : 59>
Removing projector <Projection | planar-Raw-0.000-110.001-PCA-01, active : True, n_channels : 203>
Removing projector <Projection | planar-Raw-0.000-110.001-PCA-02, active : True, n_channels : 203>
Removing projector <Projection | planar-Raw-0.000-110.001-PCA-03, active : True, n_channels : 203>
Removing projector <Projection | ECG-planar--0.200-0.400-PCA-01, active : True, n_channels : 203>
Removing projector <Projection | ECG-eeg--0.200-0.400-PCA-01, active : True, n_channels : 59>

Just like we did with the heartbeat artifact, we can compute SSP projectors for the ocular artifact using compute_proj_eog, which again takes a Raw object as input and returns the requested number of projectors for magnetometers, gradiometers, and EEG channels (default is two projectors for each channel type). This time, we’ll pass no_proj parameter (so we get back only the new EOG projectors, not also the existing projectors in the Raw object), and we’ll ignore the events array by assigning it to _ (the conventional way of handling unwanted return elements in Python).

eog_projs, _ = compute_proj_eog(raw, n_grad=1, n_mag=1, n_eeg=1, reject=None,
                                no_proj=True)

Out:

Reading 0 ... 166799  =      0.000 ...   277.714 secs...
Running EOG SSP computation
EOG channel index for this subject is: [375]
Filtering the data to remove DC offset to help distinguish blinks from saccades
Setting up band-pass filter from 1 - 10 Hz

FIR filter parameters
---------------------
Designing a two-pass forward and reverse, zero-phase, non-causal bandpass filter:
- Windowed frequency-domain design (firwin2) method
- Hann window
- Lower passband edge: 1.00
- Lower transition bandwidth: 0.50 Hz (-12 dB cutoff frequency: 0.75 Hz)
- Upper passband edge: 10.00 Hz
- Upper transition bandwidth: 0.50 Hz (-12 dB cutoff frequency: 10.25 Hz)
- Filter length: 6007 samples (10.001 sec)

Now detecting blinks and generating corresponding events
Found 46 significant peaks
Number of EOG events detected : 46
Computing projector
Filtering a subset of channels. The highpass and lowpass values in the measurement info will not be updated.
Filtering raw data in 1 contiguous segment
Setting up band-pass filter from 1 - 35 Hz

FIR filter parameters
---------------------
Designing a two-pass forward and reverse, zero-phase, non-causal bandpass filter:
- Windowed frequency-domain design (firwin2) method
- Hamming window
- Lower passband edge: 1.00
- Lower transition bandwidth: 0.50 Hz (-12 dB cutoff frequency: 0.75 Hz)
- Upper passband edge: 35.00 Hz
- Upper transition bandwidth: 0.50 Hz (-12 dB cutoff frequency: 35.25 Hz)
- Filter length: 6007 samples (10.001 sec)

Not setting metadata
Not setting metadata
46 matching events found
No baseline correction applied
Created an SSP operator (subspace dimension = 9)
9 projection items activated
Loading data for 46 events and 241 original time points ...
0 bad epochs dropped
Adding projection: planar--0.200-0.200-PCA-01
Adding projection: axial--0.200-0.200-PCA-01
Adding projection: eeg--0.200-0.200-PCA-01
Done.

Just like with the empty-room and ECG projectors, we can visualize the scalp distribution:

mne.viz.plot_projs_topomap(eog_projs, info=raw.info)

Now we repeat the plot from above (with empty room and ECG projectors) and compare it to a plot with empty room, ECG, and EOG projectors, to see how well the ocular artifacts have been repaired:

for title in ('Without', 'With'):
    if title == 'With':
        raw.add_proj(eog_projs)
    fig = raw.plot(order=artifact_picks, n_channels=len(artifact_picks))
    fig.subplots_adjust(top=0.9)  # make room for title
    fig.suptitle('{} EOG projectors'.format(title), size='xx-large',
                 weight='bold')

• 
• 

Out:

3 projection items deactivated

Notice that the small peaks in the first to magnetometer channels (MEG 1411 and MEG 1421) that occur at the same time as the large EEG deflections have also been removed.

Choosing the number of projectors

In the examples above, we used 3 projectors (all magnetometer) to capture empty room noise, and saw how projectors computed for the gradiometers failed to capture global patterns (and thus we discarded the gradiometer projectors). Then we computed 3 projectors (1 for each channel type) to capture the heartbeat artifact, and 3 more to capture the ocular artifact. How did we choose these numbers? The short answer is “based on experience” — knowing how heartbeat artifacts typically manifest across the sensor array allows us to recognize them when we see them, and recognize when additional projectors are capturing something else other than a heartbeat artifact (and thus may be removing brain signal and should be discarded).

Visualizing SSP sensor-space bias via signal reconstruction

SSP reconstruction

Internally, the reconstruction is performed by effectively using a minimum-norm source localization to a spherical source space with the projections accounted for, and then projecting the source-space data back out to sensor space.

Because SSP performs an orthogonal projection, any spatial component in the data that is not perfectly orthogonal to the SSP spatial direction(s) will have its overall amplitude reduced by the projection operation. In other words, SSP typically introduces some amount of amplitude reduction bias in the sensor space data.

When performing source localization of M/EEG data, these projections are properly taken into account by being applied not just to the M/EEG data but also to the forward solution, and hence SSP should not bias the estimated source amplitudes. However, for sensor space analyses, it can be useful to visualize the extent to which SSP projection has biased the data. This can be explored by using proj='reconstruct' in evoked plotting functions, for example via evoked.plot():

evoked = epochs.average()
# Apply the average ref first:
# It's how we typically view EEG data, and here we're really just interested
# in the effect of the EOG+ECG SSPs
evoked.del_proj().set_eeg_reference(projection=True).apply_proj()
evoked.add_proj(ecg_projs).add_proj(eog_projs)
fig, axes = plt.subplots(3, 3, figsize=(8, 6))
for ii in range(3):
    axes[ii, 0].get_shared_y_axes().join(*axes[ii])
for pi, proj in enumerate((False, True, 'reconstruct')):
    evoked.plot(proj=proj, axes=axes[:, pi], spatial_colors=True)
    if pi == 0:
        for ax in axes[:, pi]:
            parts = ax.get_title().split('(')
            ax.set(ylabel=f'{parts[0]} ({ax.get_ylabel()})\n'
                          f'{parts[1].replace(")", "")}')
    axes[0, pi].set(title=f'proj={proj}')
    axes[0, pi].texts = []
plt.setp(axes[1:, :].ravel(), title='')
plt.setp(axes[:, 1:].ravel(), ylabel='')
plt.setp(axes[:-1, :].ravel(), xlabel='')
mne.viz.tight_layout()

Out:

    Rejecting  epoch based on EEG : ['EEG 001', 'EEG 003', 'EEG 007']
    Rejecting  epoch based on EEG : ['EEG 001', 'EEG 002', 'EEG 003', 'EEG 005', 'EEG 006', 'EEG 007']
    Rejecting  epoch based on EEG : ['EEG 001', 'EEG 002', 'EEG 003', 'EEG 006', 'EEG 007', 'EEG 015']
    Rejecting  epoch based on EEG : ['EEG 007']
    Rejecting  epoch based on EEG : ['EEG 007']
    Rejecting  epoch based on MAG : ['MEG 1711']
    Rejecting  epoch based on EEG : ['EEG 001', 'EEG 002', 'EEG 003', 'EEG 007']
    Rejecting  epoch based on EEG : ['EEG 001', 'EEG 002', 'EEG 003', 'EEG 004', 'EEG 005', 'EEG 006', 'EEG 007', 'EEG 015']
    Rejecting  epoch based on EEG : ['EEG 008']
    Rejecting  epoch based on EEG : ['EEG 003', 'EEG 007', 'EEG 008']
    Rejecting  epoch based on EEG : ['EEG 001', 'EEG 002', 'EEG 003', 'EEG 004', 'EEG 007', 'EEG 015']
    Rejecting  epoch based on EEG : ['EEG 001', 'EEG 007']
    Rejecting  epoch based on EEG : ['EEG 001', 'EEG 002', 'EEG 003', 'EEG 006', 'EEG 007']
    Rejecting  epoch based on EEG : ['EEG 003', 'EEG 007']
    Rejecting  epoch based on EEG : ['EEG 002', 'EEG 007']
    Rejecting  epoch based on EEG : ['EEG 001', 'EEG 002', 'EEG 003', 'EEG 004', 'EEG 005', 'EEG 006', 'EEG 007', 'EEG 015']
    Rejecting  epoch based on EEG : ['EEG 001', 'EEG 002', 'EEG 003', 'EEG 004', 'EEG 005', 'EEG 006', 'EEG 007', 'EEG 015']
Adding average EEG reference projection.
1 projection items deactivated
Average reference projection was added, but has not been applied yet. Use the apply_proj method to apply it.
Created an SSP operator (subspace dimension = 1)
1 projection items activated
SSP projectors applied...
3 projection items deactivated
3 projection items deactivated
Created an SSP operator (subspace dimension = 7)
7 projection items activated
SSP projectors applied...
    Automatic origin fit: head of radius 91.0 mm
    Computing dot products for 305 MEG channels...
    Computing cross products for 305 → 305 MEG channels...
    Preparing the mapping matrix...
    Truncating at 81/305 components to omit less than 0.0001 (9.9e-05)
    Automatic origin fit: head of radius 91.0 mm
    Computing dot products for 59 EEG channels...
    Computing cross products for 59 → 59 EEG channels...
    Preparing the mapping matrix...
    Truncating at 56/59 components and regularizing with α=1.0e-01
    The map has an average electrode reference (59 channels)

Note that here the bias in the EEG and magnetometer channels is reduced by the reconstruction. This suggests that the application of SSP has slightly reduced the amplitude of our signals in sensor space, but that it should not bias the amplitudes in source space.

References

1

Mikko A. Uusitalo and Risto J. Ilmoniemi. Signal-space projection method for separating MEG or EEG into components. Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing, 35(2):135–140, 1997. doi:10.1007/BF02534144.

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