Frequency and time-frequency sensor analysis

The objective is to show you how to explore the spectral content of your data (frequency and time-frequency). Here we’ll work on Epochs.

We will use this dataset: Somatosensory. It contains so-called event related synchronizations (ERS) / desynchronizations (ERD) in the beta band.

# Authors: Alexandre Gramfort <alexandre.gramfort@inria.fr>
#          Stefan Appelhoff <stefan.appelhoff@mailbox.org>
#          Richard Höchenberger <richard.hoechenberger@gmail.com>
#
# License: BSD-3-Clause

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

import mne
from mne.datasets import somato
from mne.time_frequency import tfr_morlet

Set parameters

data_path = somato.data_path()
subject = '01'
task = 'somato'
raw_fname = (data_path / f'sub-{subject}' / 'meg' /
             f'sub-{subject}_task-{task}_meg.fif')

# Setup for reading the raw data
raw = mne.io.read_raw_fif(raw_fname)
# crop and resample just to reduce computation time
raw.crop(120, 360).load_data().resample(200)
events = mne.find_events(raw, stim_channel='STI 014')

# picks MEG gradiometers
picks = mne.pick_types(raw.info, meg='grad', eeg=False, eog=True, stim=False)

# Construct Epochs
event_id, tmin, tmax = 1, -1., 3.
baseline = (None, 0)
epochs = mne.Epochs(raw, events, event_id, tmin, tmax, picks=picks,
                    baseline=baseline, reject=dict(grad=4000e-13, eog=350e-6),
                    preload=True)

Opening raw data file /home/circleci/mne_data/MNE-somato-data/sub-01/meg/sub-01_task-somato_meg.fif...
    Range : 237600 ... 506999 =    791.189 ...  1688.266 secs
Ready.
Reading 0 ... 72074  =      0.000 ...   240.001 secs...
29 events found
Event IDs: [1]
29 events found
Event IDs: [1]
29 events found
Event IDs: [1]
Not setting metadata
29 matching events found
Setting baseline interval to [-1.0, 0.0] sec
Applying baseline correction (mode: mean)
0 projection items activated
Using data from preloaded Raw for 29 events and 801 original time points ...
    Rejecting  epoch based on EOG : ['EOG 061']
1 bad epochs dropped

Frequency analysis

We start by exploring the frequency content of our epochs.

Let’s first check out all channel types by averaging across epochs.

epochs.plot_psd(fmin=2., fmax=40., average=True)

NOTE: plot_psd() is a legacy function. New code should use .compute_psd().plot().
    Using multitaper spectrum estimation with 7 DPSS windows
Averaging across epochs...

Now, let’s take a look at the spatial distributions of the PSD, averaged across epochs and frequency bands.

epochs.plot_psd_topomap(ch_type='grad', normalize=False)

NOTE: plot_psd_topomap() is a legacy function. New code should use .compute_psd().plot_topomap().
    Using multitaper spectrum estimation with 7 DPSS windows

Alternatively, you can also create PSDs from Epochs methods directly.

Note

In contrast to the methods for visualization, those psd_* functions do not scale the data from SI units to more “convenient” values. So when e.g. calculating the PSD of gradiometers via psd_multitaper(), you will get the power as (T/m)²/Hz (instead of (fT/cm)²/Hz via plot_psd()).

_, ax = plt.subplots()
spectrum = epochs.compute_psd(fmin=2., fmax=40., tmax=3., n_jobs=None)
# average across epochs first
mean_spectrum = spectrum.average()
psds, freqs = mean_spectrum.get_data(return_freqs=True)
# then convert to dB and take mean & standard deviation across channels
psds = 10 * np.log10(psds)
psds_mean = psds.mean(axis=0)
psds_std = psds.std(axis=0)

ax.plot(freqs, psds_mean, color='k')
ax.fill_between(freqs, psds_mean - psds_std, psds_mean + psds_std,
                color='k', alpha=.5, edgecolor='none')
ax.set(title='Multitaper PSD (gradiometers)', xlabel='Frequency (Hz)',
       ylabel='Power Spectral Density (dB)')

Using multitaper spectrum estimation with 7 DPSS windows

Notably, mne.Epochs.compute_psd() supports the keyword argument average, which specifies how to estimate the PSD based on the individual windowed segments. The default is average='mean', which simply calculates the arithmetic mean across segments. Specifying average='median', in contrast, returns the PSD based on the median of the segments (corrected for bias relative to the mean), which is a more robust measure.

# Estimate PSDs based on "mean" and "median" averaging for comparison.
kwargs = dict(fmin=2, fmax=40, n_jobs=None)
psds_welch_mean, freqs_mean = epochs.compute_psd(
    'welch', average='mean', **kwargs).get_data(return_freqs=True)
psds_welch_median, freqs_median = epochs.compute_psd(
    'welch', average='median', **kwargs).get_data(return_freqs=True)

# Convert power to dB scale.
psds_welch_mean = 10 * np.log10(psds_welch_mean)
psds_welch_median = 10 * np.log10(psds_welch_median)

# We will only plot the PSD for a single sensor in the first epoch.
ch_name = 'MEG 0122'
ch_idx = epochs.info['ch_names'].index(ch_name)
epo_idx = 0

_, ax = plt.subplots()
ax.plot(freqs_mean, psds_welch_mean[epo_idx, ch_idx, :], color='k',
        ls='-', label='mean of segments')
ax.plot(freqs_median, psds_welch_median[epo_idx, ch_idx, :], color='k',
        ls='--', label='median of segments')

ax.set(title=f'Welch PSD ({ch_name}, Epoch {epo_idx})',
       xlabel='Frequency (Hz)', ylabel='Power Spectral Density (dB)')
ax.legend(loc='upper right')

Effective window size : 1.280 (s)
[Parallel(n_jobs=1)]: Using backend SequentialBackend with 1 concurrent workers.
[Parallel(n_jobs=1)]: Done   1 out of   1 | elapsed:    1.5s remaining:    0.0s
[Parallel(n_jobs=1)]: Done   1 out of   1 | elapsed:    1.5s finished
Effective window size : 1.280 (s)
[Parallel(n_jobs=1)]: Using backend SequentialBackend with 1 concurrent workers.
[Parallel(n_jobs=1)]: Done   1 out of   1 | elapsed:    3.7s remaining:    0.0s
[Parallel(n_jobs=1)]: Done   1 out of   1 | elapsed:    3.7s finished

Lastly, we can also retrieve the unaggregated segments by passing average=None to mne.Epochs.compute_psd(). The dimensions of the returned array are (n_epochs, n_sensors, n_freqs, n_segments).

welch_unagg = epochs.compute_psd('welch', average=None, **kwargs)
print(welch_unagg.shape)

Effective window size : 1.280 (s)
[Parallel(n_jobs=1)]: Using backend SequentialBackend with 1 concurrent workers.
[Parallel(n_jobs=1)]: Done   1 out of   1 | elapsed:    1.1s remaining:    0.0s
[Parallel(n_jobs=1)]: Done   1 out of   1 | elapsed:    1.1s finished
(28, 204, 49, 3)

Time-frequency analysis: power and inter-trial coherence

We now compute time-frequency representations (TFRs) from our Epochs. We’ll look at power and inter-trial coherence (ITC).

To this we’ll use the function mne.time_frequency.tfr_morlet() but you can also use mne.time_frequency.tfr_multitaper() or mne.time_frequency.tfr_stockwell().

Note

The decim parameter reduces the sampling rate of the time-frequency decomposition by the defined factor. This is usually done to reduce memory usage. For more information refer to the documentation of mne.time_frequency.tfr_morlet().

define frequencies of interest (log-spaced)

freqs = np.logspace(*np.log10([6, 35]), num=8)
n_cycles = freqs / 2.  # different number of cycle per frequency
power, itc = tfr_morlet(epochs, freqs=freqs, n_cycles=n_cycles, use_fft=True,
                        return_itc=True, decim=3, n_jobs=None)

[Parallel(n_jobs=1)]: Using backend SequentialBackend with 1 concurrent workers.
[Parallel(n_jobs=1)]: Done   1 out of   1 | elapsed:    0.0s remaining:    0.0s
[Parallel(n_jobs=1)]: Done   2 out of   2 | elapsed:    0.0s remaining:    0.0s
[Parallel(n_jobs=1)]: Done   3 out of   3 | elapsed:    0.0s remaining:    0.0s
[Parallel(n_jobs=1)]: Done   4 out of   4 | elapsed:    0.0s remaining:    0.0s
[Parallel(n_jobs=1)]: Done 204 out of 204 | elapsed:    1.8s finished

Inspect power

Note

The generated figures are interactive. In the topo you can click on an image to visualize the data for one sensor. You can also select a portion in the time-frequency plane to obtain a topomap for a certain time-frequency region.

power.plot_topo(baseline=(-0.5, 0), mode='logratio', title='Average power')
power.plot([82], baseline=(-0.5, 0), mode='logratio', title=power.ch_names[82])

fig, axes = plt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=(7, 4))
topomap_kw = dict(ch_type='grad', tmin=0.5, tmax=1.5, baseline=(-0.5, 0),
                  mode='logratio', show=False)
plot_dict = dict(Alpha=dict(fmin=8, fmax=12), Beta=dict(fmin=13, fmax=25))
for ax, (title, fmin_fmax) in zip(axes, plot_dict.items()):
    power.plot_topomap(**fmin_fmax, axes=ax, **topomap_kw)
    ax.set_title(title)
fig.tight_layout()
fig.show()

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Applying baseline correction (mode: logratio)
Applying baseline correction (mode: logratio)
Applying baseline correction (mode: logratio)
Applying baseline correction (mode: logratio)

Joint Plot

You can also create a joint plot showing both the aggregated TFR across channels and topomaps at specific times and frequencies to obtain a quick overview regarding oscillatory effects across time and space.

power.plot_joint(baseline=(-0.5, 0), mode='mean', tmin=-.5, tmax=2,
                 timefreqs=[(0.5, 10), (1.3, 8)])

Applying baseline correction (mode: mean)
Applying baseline correction (mode: mean)
Applying baseline correction (mode: mean)

Inspect ITC

itc.plot_topo(title='Inter-Trial coherence', vmin=0., vmax=1., cmap='Reds')

No baseline correction applied

Note

Baseline correction can be applied to power or done in plots. To illustrate the baseline correction in plots, the next line is commented:

# power.apply_baseline(baseline=(-0.5, 0), mode='logratio')

Exercise

• Visualize the inter-trial coherence values as topomaps as done with power.

Estimated memory usage: 9 MB