mne.stats.permutation_cluster_1samp_test#
- mne.stats.permutation_cluster_1samp_test(X, threshold=None, n_permutations=1024, tail=0, stat_fun=None, adjacency=None, n_jobs=None, seed=None, max_step=1, exclude=None, step_down_p=0, t_power=1, out_type='indices', check_disjoint=False, buffer_size=1000, verbose=None)[source]#
Non-parametric cluster-level paired t-test.
- Parameters:
- X
array
, shape (n_observations, p[, q][, r]) The data to be clustered. The first dimension should correspond to the difference between paired samples (observations) in two conditions. The subarrays
X[k]
can be 1D (e.g., time series), 2D (e.g., time series over channels), or 3D (e.g., time-frequencies over channels) associated with the kth observation. For spatiotemporal data, see alsomne.stats.spatio_temporal_cluster_1samp_test()
.- threshold
float
|dict
|None
The so-called “cluster forming threshold” in the form of a test statistic (note: this is not an alpha level / “p-value”). If numeric, vertices with data values more extreme than
threshold
will be used to form clusters. IfNone
, a t-threshold will be chosen automatically that corresponds to a p-value of 0.05 for the given number of observations (only valid when using a t-statistic). Ifthreshold
is adict
(with keys'start'
and'step'
) then threshold-free cluster enhancement (TFCE) will be used (see the TFCE example and [3]). See Notes for an example on how to compute a threshold based on a particular p-value for one-tailed or two-tailed tests.- n_permutations
int
| ‘all’ The number of permutations to compute. Can be ‘all’ to perform an exact test.
- tail
int
If tail is 1, the statistic is thresholded above threshold. If tail is -1, the statistic is thresholded below threshold. If tail is 0, the statistic is thresholded on both sides of the distribution.
- stat_fun
callable()
|None
Function called to calculate the test statistic. Must accept 1D-array as input and return a 1D array. If
None
(the default), usesmne.stats.ttest_1samp_no_p
.- adjacency
scipy.sparse.spmatrix
|None
|False
Defines adjacency between locations in the data, where “locations” can be spatial vertices, frequency bins, time points, etc. For spatial vertices, see:
mne.channels.find_ch_adjacency()
. IfFalse
, assumes no adjacency (each location is treated as independent and unconnected). IfNone
, a regular lattice adjacency is assumed, connecting each location to its neighbor(s) along the last dimension ofX
(or the last two dimensions ifX
is 2D). Ifadjacency
is a matrix, it is assumed to be symmetric (only the upper triangular half is used) and must be square with dimension equal toX.shape[-1]
(for 2D data) orX.shape[-1] * X.shape[-2]
(for 3D data) or (optionally)X.shape[-1] * X.shape[-2] * X.shape[-3]
(for 4D data). The functionmne.stats.combine_adjacency
may be useful for 4D data.- n_jobs
int
|None
The number of jobs to run in parallel. If
-1
, it is set to the number of CPU cores. Requires thejoblib
package.None
(default) is a marker for ‘unset’ that will be interpreted asn_jobs=1
(sequential execution) unless the call is performed under ajoblib.parallel_backend()
context manager that sets another value forn_jobs
.- seed
None
|int
| instance ofRandomState
A seed for the NumPy random number generator (RNG). If
None
(default), the seed will be obtained from the operating system (seeRandomState
for details), meaning it will most likely produce different output every time this function or method is run. To achieve reproducible results, pass a value here to explicitly initialize the RNG with a defined state.- max_step
int
Maximum distance between samples along the second axis of
X
to be considered adjacent (typically the second axis is the “time” dimension). Only used whenadjacency
has shape (n_vertices, n_vertices), that is, when adjacency is only specified for sensors (e.g., viamne.channels.find_ch_adjacency()
), and not via sensors and further dimensions such as time points (e.g., via an additional call ofmne.stats.combine_adjacency()
).- exclude
bool
array
orNone
Mask to apply to the data to exclude certain points from clustering (e.g., medial wall vertices). Should be the same shape as
X
. IfNone
, no points are excluded.- step_down_p
float
To perform a step-down-in-jumps test, pass a p-value for clusters to exclude from each successive iteration. Default is zero, perform no step-down test (since no clusters will be smaller than this value). Setting this to a reasonable value, e.g. 0.05, can increase sensitivity but costs computation time.
- t_power
float
Power to raise the statistical values (usually t-values) by before summing (sign will be retained). Note that
t_power=0
will give a count of locations in each cluster,t_power=1
will weight each location by its statistical score.- out_type‘mask’ | ‘indices’
Output format of clusters within a list. If
'mask'
, returns a list of boolean arrays, each with the same shape as the input data (or slices if the shape is 1D and adjacency is None), withTrue
values indicating locations that are part of a cluster. If'indices'
, returns a list of tuple of ndarray, where each ndarray contains the indices of locations that together form the given cluster along the given dimension. Note that for large datasets,'indices'
may use far less memory than'mask'
. Default is'indices'
.- check_disjoint
bool
Whether to check if the connectivity matrix can be separated into disjoint sets before clustering. This may lead to faster clustering, especially if the second dimension of
X
(usually the “time” dimension) is large.- buffer_size
int
|None
Block size to use when computing test statistics. This can significantly reduce memory usage when
n_jobs > 1
and memory sharing between processes is enabled (seemne.set_cache_dir()
), becauseX
will be shared between processes and each process only needs to allocate space for a small block of locations at a time.- verbose
bool
|str
|int
|None
Control verbosity of the logging output. If
None
, use the default verbosity level. See the logging documentation andmne.verbose()
for details. Should only be passed as a keyword argument.
- X
- Returns:
Notes
From an array of paired observations, e.g. a difference in signal amplitudes or power spectra in two conditions, calculate if the data distributions in the two conditions are significantly different. The procedure uses a cluster analysis with permutation test for calculating corrected p-values. Randomized data are generated with random sign flips. See [1] for more information.
Because a 1-sample t-test on the difference in observations is mathematically equivalent to a paired t-test, internally this function computes a 1-sample t-test (by default) and uses sign flipping (always) to perform permutations. This might not be suitable for the case where there is truly a single observation under test; see Statistical inference.
For computing a
threshold
based on a p-value, use the conversion fromscipy.stats.rv_continuous.ppf()
:pval = 0.001 # arbitrary df = n_observations - 1 # degrees of freedom for the test thresh = scipy.stats.t.ppf(1 - pval / 2, df) # two-tailed, t distribution
For a one-tailed test (
tail=1
), don’t divide the p-value by 2. For testing the lower tail (tail=-1
), don’t subtractpval
from 1.If
n_permutations
exceeds the maximum number of possible permutations given the number of observations, thenn_permutations
andseed
will be ignored since an exact test (full permutation test) will be performed (this is the case whenn_permutations >= 2 ** (n_observations - (tail == 0))
).If no initial clusters are found because all points in the true distribution are below the threshold, then
clusters
,cluster_pv
, andH0
will all be empty arrays.References
Examples using mne.stats.permutation_cluster_1samp_test
#
Non-parametric 1 sample cluster statistic on single trial power
Compute and visualize ERDS maps