Working with CTF data: the Brainstorm auditory dataset

Here we compute the evoked from raw for the auditory Brainstorm tutorial dataset. For comparison, see 1 and the associated brainstorm site.

Experiment:

  • One subject, 2 acquisition runs 6 minutes each.

  • Each run contains 200 regular beeps and 40 easy deviant beeps.

  • Random ISI: between 0.7s and 1.7s seconds, uniformly distributed.

  • Button pressed when detecting a deviant with the right index finger.

The specifications of this dataset were discussed initially on the FieldTrip bug tracker.

# Authors: Mainak Jas <mainak.jas@telecom-paristech.fr>
#          Eric Larson <larson.eric.d@gmail.com>
#          Jaakko Leppakangas <jaeilepp@student.jyu.fi>
#
# License: BSD-3-Clause
import os.path as op
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np

import mne
from mne import combine_evoked
from mne.minimum_norm import apply_inverse
from mne.datasets.brainstorm import bst_auditory
from mne.io import read_raw_ctf

print(__doc__)

To reduce memory consumption and running time, some of the steps are precomputed. To run everything from scratch change use_precomputed to False. With use_precomputed = False running time of this script can be several minutes even on a fast computer.

The data was collected with a CTF 275 system at 2400 Hz and low-pass filtered at 600 Hz. Here the data and empty room data files are read to construct instances of mne.io.Raw.

data_path = bst_auditory.data_path()

subject = 'bst_auditory'
subjects_dir = op.join(data_path, 'subjects')

raw_fname1 = op.join(data_path, 'MEG', subject, 'S01_AEF_20131218_01.ds')
raw_fname2 = op.join(data_path, 'MEG', subject, 'S01_AEF_20131218_02.ds')
erm_fname = op.join(data_path, 'MEG', subject, 'S01_Noise_20131218_01.ds')

In the memory saving mode we use preload=False and use the memory efficient IO which loads the data on demand. However, filtering and some other functions require the data to be preloaded into memory.

raw = read_raw_ctf(raw_fname1)
n_times_run1 = raw.n_times

# Here we ignore that these have different device<->head transforms
mne.io.concatenate_raws(
    [raw, read_raw_ctf(raw_fname2)], on_mismatch='ignore')
raw_erm = read_raw_ctf(erm_fname)

Out:

ds directory : /home/circleci/mne_data/MNE-brainstorm-data/bst_auditory/MEG/bst_auditory/S01_AEF_20131218_01.ds
    res4 data read.
    hc data read.
    Separate EEG position data file read.
    Quaternion matching (desired vs. transformed):
       2.51   74.26    0.00 mm <->    2.51   74.26    0.00 mm (orig :  -56.69   50.20 -264.38 mm) diff =    0.000 mm
      -2.51  -74.26    0.00 mm <->   -2.51  -74.26    0.00 mm (orig :   50.89  -52.31 -265.88 mm) diff =    0.000 mm
     108.63    0.00    0.00 mm <->  108.63    0.00   -0.00 mm (orig :   67.41   77.68 -239.53 mm) diff =    0.000 mm
    Coordinate transformations established.
    Reading digitizer points from ['/home/circleci/mne_data/MNE-brainstorm-data/bst_auditory/MEG/bst_auditory/S01_AEF_20131218_01.ds/S01_20131218_01.pos']...
    Polhemus data for 3 HPI coils added
    Device coordinate locations for 3 HPI coils added
    5 extra points added to Polhemus data.
    Measurement info composed.
Finding samples for /home/circleci/mne_data/MNE-brainstorm-data/bst_auditory/MEG/bst_auditory/S01_AEF_20131218_01.ds/S01_AEF_20131218_01.meg4:
    System clock channel is available, checking which samples are valid.
    360 x 2400 = 864000 samples from 340 chs
Current compensation grade : 3
ds directory : /home/circleci/mne_data/MNE-brainstorm-data/bst_auditory/MEG/bst_auditory/S01_AEF_20131218_02.ds
    res4 data read.
    hc data read.
    Separate EEG position data file read.
    Quaternion matching (desired vs. transformed):
       2.64   74.60    0.00 mm <->    2.64   74.60   -0.00 mm (orig :  -58.07   49.23 -263.11 mm) diff =    0.000 mm
      -2.64  -74.60    0.00 mm <->   -2.64  -74.60   -0.00 mm (orig :   49.94  -53.82 -265.07 mm) diff =    0.000 mm
     108.24    0.00    0.00 mm <->  108.24   -0.00    0.00 mm (orig :   66.67   76.99 -243.39 mm) diff =    0.000 mm
    Coordinate transformations established.
    Reading digitizer points from ['/home/circleci/mne_data/MNE-brainstorm-data/bst_auditory/MEG/bst_auditory/S01_AEF_20131218_02.ds/S01_20131218_01.pos']...
    Polhemus data for 3 HPI coils added
    Device coordinate locations for 3 HPI coils added
    5 extra points added to Polhemus data.
    Measurement info composed.
Finding samples for /home/circleci/mne_data/MNE-brainstorm-data/bst_auditory/MEG/bst_auditory/S01_AEF_20131218_02.ds/S01_AEF_20131218_02.meg4:
    System clock channel is available, checking which samples are valid.
    360 x 2400 = 864000 samples from 340 chs
Current compensation grade : 3
ds directory : /home/circleci/mne_data/MNE-brainstorm-data/bst_auditory/MEG/bst_auditory/S01_Noise_20131218_01.ds
    res4 data read.
    hc data read.
    Separate EEG position data file read.
    Quaternion matching (desired vs. transformed):
       0.00   80.00    0.00 mm <->    0.00   80.00    0.00 mm (orig :  -56.57   56.57 -270.00 mm) diff =    0.000 mm
       0.00  -80.00    0.00 mm <->    0.00  -80.00    0.00 mm (orig :   56.57  -56.57 -270.00 mm) diff =    0.000 mm
      80.00    0.00    0.00 mm <->   80.00    0.00    0.00 mm (orig :   56.57   56.57 -270.00 mm) diff =    0.000 mm
    Coordinate transformations established.
    Polhemus data for 3 HPI coils added
    Device coordinate locations for 3 HPI coils added
    Measurement info composed.
Finding samples for /home/circleci/mne_data/MNE-brainstorm-data/bst_auditory/MEG/bst_auditory/S01_Noise_20131218_01.ds/S01_Noise_20131218_01.meg4:
    System clock channel is available, checking which samples are valid.
    15 x 4800 = 72000 samples from 301 chs
Current compensation grade : 3

The data array consists of 274 MEG axial gradiometers, 26 MEG reference sensors and 2 EEG electrodes (Cz and Pz). In addition:

  • 1 stim channel for marking presentation times for the stimuli

  • 1 audio channel for the sent signal

  • 1 response channel for recording the button presses

  • 1 ECG bipolar

  • 2 EOG bipolar (vertical and horizontal)

  • 12 head tracking channels

  • 20 unused channels

Notice also that the digitized electrode positions (stored in a .pos file) were automatically loaded and added to the Raw object.

The head tracking channels and the unused channels are marked as misc channels. Here we define the EOG and ECG channels.

raw.set_channel_types({'HEOG': 'eog', 'VEOG': 'eog', 'ECG': 'ecg'})
if not use_precomputed:
    # Leave out the two EEG channels for easier computation of forward.
    raw.pick(['meg', 'stim', 'misc', 'eog', 'ecg']).load_data()

For noise reduction, a set of bad segments have been identified and stored in csv files. The bad segments are later used to reject epochs that overlap with them. The file for the second run also contains some saccades. The saccades are removed by using SSP. We use pandas to read the data from the csv files. You can also view the files with your favorite text editor.

annotations_df = pd.DataFrame()
offset = n_times_run1
for idx in [1, 2]:
    csv_fname = op.join(data_path, 'MEG', 'bst_auditory',
                        'events_bad_0%s.csv' % idx)
    df = pd.read_csv(csv_fname, header=None,
                     names=['onset', 'duration', 'id', 'label'])
    print('Events from run {0}:'.format(idx))
    print(df)

    df['onset'] += offset * (idx - 1)
    annotations_df = pd.concat([annotations_df, df], axis=0)

saccades_events = df[df['label'] == 'saccade'].values[:, :3].astype(int)

# Conversion from samples to times:
onsets = annotations_df['onset'].values / raw.info['sfreq']
durations = annotations_df['duration'].values / raw.info['sfreq']
descriptions = annotations_df['label'].values

annotations = mne.Annotations(onsets, durations, descriptions)
raw.set_annotations(annotations)
del onsets, durations, descriptions

Out:

Events from run 1:
     onset  ...  label
0     7625  ...    BAD
1   142459  ...    BAD
2   216954  ...    BAD
3   345135  ...    BAD
4   357687  ...    BAD
5   409101  ...    BAD
6   461110  ...    BAD
7   479866  ...    BAD
8   764914  ...    BAD
9   798174  ...    BAD
10  846880  ...    BAD
11  858863  ...    BAD

[12 rows x 4 columns]
Events from run 2:
     onset  ...    label
0        9  ...      BAD
1     9256  ...      BAD
2    14287  ...      BAD
3   116432  ...      BAD
4   134489  ...      BAD
5   464527  ...      BAD
6   494136  ...      BAD
7   749288  ...      BAD
8   788623  ...      BAD
9    21179  ...  saccade
10   72993  ...  saccade
11  134527  ...  saccade
12  196555  ...  saccade
13  249894  ...  saccade
14  343357  ...  saccade
15  400771  ...  saccade
16  450256  ...  saccade
17  593101  ...  saccade
18  733942  ...  saccade
19  765939  ...  saccade
20  789476  ...  saccade
21  792852  ...  saccade
22  833208  ...  saccade
23  859869  ...  saccade
24  862888  ...  saccade

[25 rows x 4 columns]

Here we compute the saccade and EOG projectors for magnetometers and add them to the raw data. The projectors are added to both runs.

saccade_epochs = mne.Epochs(raw, saccades_events, 1, 0., 0.5, preload=True,
                            baseline=(None, None),
                            reject_by_annotation=False)

projs_saccade = mne.compute_proj_epochs(saccade_epochs, n_mag=1, n_eeg=0,
                                        desc_prefix='saccade')
if use_precomputed:
    proj_fname = op.join(data_path, 'MEG', 'bst_auditory',
                         'bst_auditory-eog-proj.fif')
    projs_eog = mne.read_proj(proj_fname)[0]
else:
    projs_eog, _ = mne.preprocessing.compute_proj_eog(raw.load_data(),
                                                      n_mag=1, n_eeg=0)
raw.add_proj(projs_saccade)
raw.add_proj(projs_eog)
del saccade_epochs, saccades_events, projs_eog, projs_saccade  # To save memory

Out:

Not setting metadata
Not setting metadata
16 matching events found
Setting baseline interval to [0.0, 0.5] sec
Applying baseline correction (mode: mean)
0 projection items activated
Loading data for 16 events and 1201 original time points ...
1 bad epochs dropped
No gradiometers found. Forcing n_grad to 0
Adding projection: axial-saccade-PCA-01
    Read a total of 1 projection items:
        EOG-axial-998--0.200-0.200-PCA-01 (1 x 274)  idle
1 projection items deactivated
1 projection items deactivated

Visually inspect the effects of projections. Click on ‘proj’ button at the bottom right corner to toggle the projectors on/off. EOG events can be plotted by adding the event list as a keyword argument. As the bad segments and saccades were added as annotations to the raw data, they are plotted as well.

raw.plot(block=True)
60 ctf bst auditory

Typical preprocessing step is the removal of power line artifact (50 Hz or 60 Hz). Here we notch filter the data at 60, 120 and 180 to remove the original 60 Hz artifact and the harmonics. The power spectra are plotted before and after the filtering to show the effect. The drop after 600 Hz appears because the data was filtered during the acquisition. In memory saving mode we do the filtering at evoked stage, which is not something you usually would do.

if not use_precomputed:
    raw.plot_psd(tmax=np.inf, picks='meg')
    notches = np.arange(60, 181, 60)
    raw.notch_filter(notches, phase='zero-double', fir_design='firwin2')
    raw.plot_psd(tmax=np.inf, picks='meg')

We also lowpass filter the data at 100 Hz to remove the hf components.

if not use_precomputed:
    raw.filter(None, 100., h_trans_bandwidth=0.5, filter_length='10s',
               phase='zero-double', fir_design='firwin2')

Epoching and averaging. First some parameters are defined and events extracted from the stimulus channel (UPPT001). The rejection thresholds are defined as peak-to-peak values and are in T / m for gradiometers, T for magnetometers and V for EOG and EEG channels.

tmin, tmax = -0.1, 0.5
event_id = dict(standard=1, deviant=2)
reject = dict(mag=4e-12, eog=250e-6)
# find events
events = mne.find_events(raw, stim_channel='UPPT001')

Out:

480 events found
Event IDs: [1 2]

The event timing is adjusted by comparing the trigger times on detected sound onsets on channel UADC001-4408.

sound_data = raw[raw.ch_names.index('UADC001-4408')][0][0]
onsets = np.where(np.abs(sound_data) > 2. * np.std(sound_data))[0]
min_diff = int(0.5 * raw.info['sfreq'])
diffs = np.concatenate([[min_diff + 1], np.diff(onsets)])
onsets = onsets[diffs > min_diff]
assert len(onsets) == len(events)
diffs = 1000. * (events[:, 0] - onsets) / raw.info['sfreq']
print('Trigger delay removed (μ ± σ): %0.1f ± %0.1f ms'
      % (np.mean(diffs), np.std(diffs)))
events[:, 0] = onsets
del sound_data, diffs

Out:

Trigger delay removed (μ ± σ): -14.0 ± 0.3 ms

We mark a set of bad channels that seem noisier than others. This can also be done interactively with raw.plot by clicking the channel name (or the line). The marked channels are added as bad when the browser window is closed.

raw.info['bads'] = ['MLO52-4408', 'MRT51-4408', 'MLO42-4408', 'MLO43-4408']

The epochs (trials) are created for MEG channels. First we find the picks for MEG and EOG channels. Then the epochs are constructed using these picks. The epochs overlapping with annotated bad segments are also rejected by default. To turn off rejection by bad segments (as was done earlier with saccades) you can use keyword reject_by_annotation=False.

epochs = mne.Epochs(raw, events, event_id, tmin, tmax, picks=['meg', 'eog'],
                    baseline=(None, 0), reject=reject, preload=False,
                    proj=True)

Out:

Not setting metadata
Not setting metadata
480 matching events found
Setting baseline interval to [-0.1, 0.0] sec
Applying baseline correction (mode: mean)
Created an SSP operator (subspace dimension = 2)
2 projection items activated

We only use first 40 good epochs from each run. Since we first drop the bad epochs, the indices of the epochs are no longer same as in the original epochs collection. Investigation of the event timings reveals that first epoch from the second run corresponds to index 182.

epochs.drop_bad()
epochs_standard = mne.concatenate_epochs([epochs['standard'][range(40)],
                                          epochs['standard'][182:222]])
epochs_standard.load_data()  # Resampling to save memory.
epochs_standard.resample(600, npad='auto')
epochs_deviant = epochs['deviant'].load_data()
epochs_deviant.resample(600, npad='auto')
del epochs

Out:

Loading data for 480 events and 1441 original time points ...
    Rejecting  epoch based on EOG : ['VEOG']
    Rejecting  epoch based on EOG : ['VEOG']
    Rejecting  epoch based on EOG : ['VEOG']
    Rejecting  epoch based on EOG : ['VEOG']
    Rejecting  epoch based on MAG : ['MLP52-4408']
    Rejecting  epoch based on EOG : ['VEOG']
    Rejecting  epoch based on EOG : ['VEOG']
    Rejecting  epoch based on EOG : ['HEOG']
    Rejecting  epoch based on EOG : ['HEOG']
    Rejecting  epoch based on EOG : ['VEOG']
    Rejecting  epoch based on MAG : ['MLP52-4408']
    Rejecting  epoch based on EOG : ['VEOG']
    Rejecting  epoch based on EOG : ['VEOG']
    Rejecting  epoch based on EOG : ['VEOG']
    Rejecting  epoch based on EOG : ['VEOG']
    Rejecting  epoch based on EOG : ['HEOG']
    Rejecting  epoch based on EOG : ['VEOG']
    Rejecting  epoch based on EOG : ['VEOG']
    Rejecting  epoch based on EOG : ['HEOG']
    Rejecting  epoch based on EOG : ['HEOG']
    Rejecting  epoch based on EOG : ['VEOG']
    Rejecting  epoch based on EOG : ['VEOG']
    Rejecting  epoch based on EOG : ['HEOG']
    Rejecting  epoch based on EOG : ['HEOG']
    Rejecting  epoch based on EOG : ['VEOG']
    Rejecting  epoch based on EOG : ['HEOG']
    Rejecting  epoch based on EOG : ['VEOG']
    Rejecting  epoch based on EOG : ['VEOG']
40 bad epochs dropped
Loading data for 40 events and 1441 original time points ...
Loading data for 40 events and 1441 original time points ...
Not setting metadata
Not setting metadata
80 matching events found
Applying baseline correction (mode: mean)
Created an SSP operator (subspace dimension = 2)
0 bad epochs dropped
Loading data for 75 events and 1441 original time points ...

The averages for each conditions are computed.

evoked_std = epochs_standard.average()
evoked_dev = epochs_deviant.average()
del epochs_standard, epochs_deviant

Typical preprocessing step is the removal of power line artifact (50 Hz or 60 Hz). Here we lowpass filter the data at 40 Hz, which will remove all line artifacts (and high frequency information). Normally this would be done to raw data (with mne.io.Raw.filter()), but to reduce memory consumption of this tutorial, we do it at evoked stage. (At the raw stage, you could alternatively notch filter with mne.io.Raw.notch_filter().)

for evoked in (evoked_std, evoked_dev):
    evoked.filter(l_freq=None, h_freq=40., fir_design='firwin')

Out:

Setting up low-pass filter at 40 Hz

FIR filter parameters
---------------------
Designing a one-pass, zero-phase, non-causal lowpass filter:
- Windowed time-domain design (firwin) method
- Hamming window with 0.0194 passband ripple and 53 dB stopband attenuation
- Upper passband edge: 40.00 Hz
- Upper transition bandwidth: 10.00 Hz (-6 dB cutoff frequency: 45.00 Hz)
- Filter length: 199 samples (0.332 sec)

Setting up low-pass filter at 40 Hz

FIR filter parameters
---------------------
Designing a one-pass, zero-phase, non-causal lowpass filter:
- Windowed time-domain design (firwin) method
- Hamming window with 0.0194 passband ripple and 53 dB stopband attenuation
- Upper passband edge: 40.00 Hz
- Upper transition bandwidth: 10.00 Hz (-6 dB cutoff frequency: 45.00 Hz)
- Filter length: 199 samples (0.332 sec)

Here we plot the ERF of standard and deviant conditions. In both conditions we can see the P50 and N100 responses. The mismatch negativity is visible only in the deviant condition around 100-200 ms. P200 is also visible around 170 ms in both conditions but much stronger in the standard condition. P300 is visible in deviant condition only (decision making in preparation of the button press). You can view the topographies from a certain time span by painting an area with clicking and holding the left mouse button.

evoked_std.plot(window_title='Standard', gfp=True, time_unit='s')
evoked_dev.plot(window_title='Deviant', gfp=True, time_unit='s')
  • Magnetometers (270 channels)
  • Magnetometers (270 channels)

Show activations as topography figures.

times = np.arange(0.05, 0.301, 0.025)
evoked_std.plot_topomap(times=times, title='Standard', time_unit='s')
Standard, 0.050 s, 0.075 s, 0.100 s, 0.125 s, 0.150 s, 0.175 s, 0.200 s, 0.225 s, 0.250 s, 0.275 s, 0.300 s, fT
evoked_dev.plot_topomap(times=times, title='Deviant', time_unit='s')
Deviant, 0.050 s, 0.075 s, 0.100 s, 0.125 s, 0.150 s, 0.175 s, 0.200 s, 0.225 s, 0.250 s, 0.275 s, 0.300 s, fT

We can see the MMN effect more clearly by looking at the difference between the two conditions. P50 and N100 are no longer visible, but MMN/P200 and P300 are emphasised.

evoked_difference = combine_evoked([evoked_dev, evoked_std], weights=[1, -1])
evoked_difference.plot(window_title='Difference', gfp=True, time_unit='s')
Magnetometers (270 channels)

Source estimation. We compute the noise covariance matrix from the empty room measurement and use it for the other runs.

reject = dict(mag=4e-12)
cov = mne.compute_raw_covariance(raw_erm, reject=reject)
cov.plot(raw_erm.info)
del raw_erm
  • Magnetometers covariance
  • Magnetometers covariance

Out:

Using up to 150 segments
Number of samples used : 72000
[done]
Removing 5 compensators from info because not all compensation channels were picked.
Computing rank from covariance with rank=None
    Using tolerance 1.7e-14 (2.2e-16 eps * 274 dim * 0.27  max singular value)
    Estimated rank (mag): 274
    MAG: rank 274 computed from 274 data channels with 0 projectors

The transformation is read from a file:

trans_fname = op.join(data_path, 'MEG', 'bst_auditory',
                      'bst_auditory-trans.fif')
trans = mne.read_trans(trans_fname)

To save time and memory, the forward solution is read from a file. Set use_precomputed=False in the beginning of this script to build the forward solution from scratch. The head surfaces for constructing a BEM solution are read from a file. Since the data only contains MEG channels, we only need the inner skull surface for making the forward solution. For more information: Cortical surface reconstruction with FreeSurfer, mne.setup_source_space(), The Boundary Element Model (BEM), mne.bem.make_watershed_bem().

if use_precomputed:
    fwd_fname = op.join(data_path, 'MEG', 'bst_auditory',
                        'bst_auditory-meg-oct-6-fwd.fif')
    fwd = mne.read_forward_solution(fwd_fname)
else:
    src = mne.setup_source_space(subject, spacing='ico4',
                                 subjects_dir=subjects_dir, overwrite=True)
    model = mne.make_bem_model(subject=subject, ico=4, conductivity=[0.3],
                               subjects_dir=subjects_dir)
    bem = mne.make_bem_solution(model)
    fwd = mne.make_forward_solution(evoked_std.info, trans=trans, src=src,
                                    bem=bem)

inv = mne.minimum_norm.make_inverse_operator(evoked_std.info, fwd, cov)
snr = 3.0
lambda2 = 1.0 / snr ** 2
del fwd

Out:

Reading forward solution from /home/circleci/mne_data/MNE-brainstorm-data/bst_auditory/MEG/bst_auditory/bst_auditory-meg-oct-6-fwd.fif...
    Reading a source space...
    Computing patch statistics...
    Patch information added...
    Distance information added...
    [done]
    Reading a source space...
    Computing patch statistics...
    Patch information added...
    Distance information added...
    [done]
    2 source spaces read
    Desired named matrix (kind = 3523) not available
    Read MEG forward solution (8196 sources, 270 channels, free orientations)
    Source spaces transformed to the forward solution coordinate frame
Converting forward solution to surface orientation
    Average patch normals will be employed in the rotation to the local surface coordinates....
    Converting to surface-based source orientations...
    [done]
info["bads"] and noise_cov["bads"] do not match, excluding bad channels from both
Computing inverse operator with 270 channels.
    270 out of 270 channels remain after picking
Removing 5 compensators from info because not all compensation channels were picked.
Selected 270 channels
Creating the depth weighting matrix...
    270 magnetometer or axial gradiometer channels
    limit = 8033/8196 = 10.015871
    scale = 6.10585e-11 exp = 0.8
Applying loose dipole orientations to surface source spaces: 0.2
Whitening the forward solution.
Removing 5 compensators from info because not all compensation channels were picked.
    Created an SSP operator (subspace dimension = 2)
Computing rank from covariance with rank=None
    Using tolerance 9.8e-15 (2.2e-16 eps * 270 dim * 0.16  max singular value)
    Estimated rank (mag): 268
    MAG: rank 268 computed from 270 data channels with 2 projectors
    Setting small MAG eigenvalues to zero (without PCA)
Creating the source covariance matrix
Adjusting source covariance matrix.
Computing SVD of whitened and weighted lead field matrix.
    largest singular value = 8.09843
    scaling factor to adjust the trace = 3.11765e+19 (nchan = 270 nzero = 2)

The sources are computed using dSPM method and plotted on an inflated brain surface. For interactive controls over the image, use keyword time_viewer=True. Standard condition.

stc_standard = mne.minimum_norm.apply_inverse(evoked_std, inv, lambda2, 'dSPM')
brain = stc_standard.plot(subjects_dir=subjects_dir, subject=subject,
                          surface='inflated', time_viewer=False, hemi='lh',
                          initial_time=0.1, time_unit='s')
del stc_standard, brain
60 ctf bst auditory

Out:

Removing 5 compensators from info because not all compensation channels were picked.
Preparing the inverse operator for use...
    Scaled noise and source covariance from nave = 1 to nave = 80
    Created the regularized inverter
    Created an SSP operator (subspace dimension = 2)
    Created the whitener using a noise covariance matrix with rank 268 (2 small eigenvalues omitted)
    Computing noise-normalization factors (dSPM)...
[done]
Applying inverse operator to "standard"...
    Picked 270 channels from the data
    Computing inverse...
    Eigenleads need to be weighted ...
    Computing residual...
    Explained  97.0% variance
    Combining the current components...
    dSPM...
[done]
Using control points [ 4.80289065  5.69025561 15.89954825]

Deviant condition.

stc_deviant = mne.minimum_norm.apply_inverse(evoked_dev, inv, lambda2, 'dSPM')
brain = stc_deviant.plot(subjects_dir=subjects_dir, subject=subject,
                         surface='inflated', time_viewer=False, hemi='lh',
                         initial_time=0.1, time_unit='s')
del stc_deviant, brain
60 ctf bst auditory

Out:

Removing 5 compensators from info because not all compensation channels were picked.
Preparing the inverse operator for use...
    Scaled noise and source covariance from nave = 1 to nave = 75
    Created the regularized inverter
    Created an SSP operator (subspace dimension = 2)
    Created the whitener using a noise covariance matrix with rank 268 (2 small eigenvalues omitted)
    Computing noise-normalization factors (dSPM)...
[done]
Applying inverse operator to "deviant"...
    Picked 270 channels from the data
    Computing inverse...
    Eigenleads need to be weighted ...
    Computing residual...
    Explained  98.2% variance
    Combining the current components...
    dSPM...
[done]
Using control points [ 7.12814543  8.29154718 18.6203076 ]

Difference.

stc_difference = apply_inverse(evoked_difference, inv, lambda2, 'dSPM')
brain = stc_difference.plot(subjects_dir=subjects_dir, subject=subject,
                            surface='inflated', time_viewer=False, hemi='lh',
                            initial_time=0.15, time_unit='s')
60 ctf bst auditory

Out:

Removing 5 compensators from info because not all compensation channels were picked.
Preparing the inverse operator for use...
    Scaled noise and source covariance from nave = 1 to nave = 38
    Created the regularized inverter
    Created an SSP operator (subspace dimension = 2)
    Created the whitener using a noise covariance matrix with rank 268 (2 small eigenvalues omitted)
    Computing noise-normalization factors (dSPM)...
[done]
Applying inverse operator to "deviant - standard"...
    Picked 270 channels from the data
    Computing inverse...
    Eigenleads need to be weighted ...
    Computing residual...
    Explained  97.2% variance
    Combining the current components...
    dSPM...
[done]
Using control points [ 4.96162575  5.78319301 14.94351171]

References

1

François Tadel, Sylvain Baillet, John C. Mosher, Dimitrios Pantazis, and Richard M. Leahy. Brainstorm: a user-friendly application for MEG/EEG analysis. Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience, 2011:1–13, 2011. doi:10.1155/2011/879716.

Total running time of the script: ( 0 minutes 55.693 seconds)

Estimated memory usage: 523 MB

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