mne.Dipole#

class mne.Dipole(times, pos, amplitude, ori, gof, name=None, conf=None, khi2=None, nfree=None, *, verbose=None)[source]#

Dipole class for sequential dipole fits.

Note

This class should usually not be instantiated directly, instead mne.read_dipole() should be used.

Used to store positions, orientations, amplitudes, times, goodness of fit of dipoles, typically obtained with Neuromag/xfit, mne_dipole_fit or certain inverse solvers. Note that dipole position vectors are given in the head coordinate frame.

Parameters
timesarray, shape (n_dipoles,)

The time instants at which each dipole was fitted (sec).

posarray, shape (n_dipoles, 3)

The dipoles positions (m) in head coordinates.

amplitudearray, shape (n_dipoles,)

The amplitude of the dipoles (Am).

oriarray, shape (n_dipoles, 3)

The dipole orientations (normalized to unit length).

gofarray, shape (n_dipoles,)

The goodness of fit.

namestr | None

Name of the dipole.

confdict

Confidence limits in dipole orientation for “vol” in m^3 (volume), “depth” in m (along the depth axis), “long” in m (longitudinal axis), “trans” in m (transverse axis), “qlong” in Am, and “qtrans” in Am (currents). The current confidence limit in the depth direction is assumed to be zero (although it can be non-zero when a BEM is used).

New in version 0.15.

khi2array, shape (n_dipoles,)

The χ^2 values for the fits.

New in version 0.15.

nfreearray, shape (n_dipoles,)

The number of free parameters for each fit.

New in version 0.15.

verbosebool | str | int | None

Control verbosity of the logging output. If None, use the default verbosity level. See the logging documentation and mne.verbose() for details. Should only be passed as a keyword argument.

Notes

This class is for sequential dipole fits, where the position changes as a function of time. For fixed dipole fits, where the position is fixed as a function of time, use mne.DipoleFixed.

Attributes
verbose

Methods

__getitem__(item)

Get a time slice.

__len__()

Return the number of dipoles.

copy()

Copy the Dipoles object.

crop([tmin, tmax, include_tmax])

Crop data to a given time interval.

plot_amplitudes([color, show])

Plot the dipole amplitudes as a function of time.

plot_locations(trans, subject[, ...])

Plot dipole locations in 3d.

save(fname[, overwrite, verbose])

Save dipole in a .dip or .bdip file.

to_mni(subject, trans[, subjects_dir, verbose])

Convert dipole location from head to MNI coordinates.

to_mri(subject, trans[, subjects_dir, verbose])

Convert dipole location from head to MRI surface RAS coordinates.

to_volume_labels(trans[, subject, aseg, ...])

Find an ROI in atlas for the dipole positions.

__getitem__(item)[source]#

Get a time slice.

Parameters
itemarray-like or slice

The slice of time points to use.

Returns
dipinstance of Dipole

The sliced dipole.

__len__()[source]#

Return the number of dipoles.

Returns
lenint

The number of dipoles.

Examples

This can be used as:

>>> len(dipoles)  
10
copy()[source]#

Copy the Dipoles object.

Returns
dipinstance of Dipole

The copied dipole instance.

crop(tmin=None, tmax=None, include_tmax=True)[source]#

Crop data to a given time interval.

Parameters
tminfloat | None

Start time of selection in seconds.

tmaxfloat | None

End time of selection in seconds.

include_tmaxbool

If True (default), include tmax. If False, exclude tmax (similar to how Python indexing typically works).

New in version 0.19.

Returns
selfinstance of Dipole

The cropped instance.

Examples using crop:

Compute MxNE with time-frequency sparse prior

Compute MxNE with time-frequency sparse prior

Compute MxNE with time-frequency sparse prior
plot_amplitudes(color='k', show=True)[source]#

Plot the dipole amplitudes as a function of time.

Parameters
colormatplotlib color

Color to use for the trace.

showbool

Show figure if True.

Returns
figmatplotlib.figure.Figure

The figure object containing the plot.

plot_locations(trans, subject, subjects_dir=None, mode='orthoview', coord_frame='mri', idx='gof', show_all=True, ax=None, block=False, show=True, scale=0.005, color=(1.0, 0.0, 0.0), fig=None, verbose=None, title=None)[source]#

Plot dipole locations in 3d.

Parameters
transdict

The mri to head trans.

subjectstr

The subject name corresponding to FreeSurfer environment variable SUBJECT.

subjects_dirpath-like | None

The path to the directory containing the FreeSurfer subjects reconstructions. If None, defaults to the SUBJECTS_DIR environment variable.

modestr

Can be 'arrow', 'sphere' or 'orthoview'.

New in version 0.14.0.

coord_framestr

Coordinate frame to use, ‘head’ or ‘mri’. Defaults to ‘mri’.

New in version 0.14.0.

idxint | ‘gof’ | ‘amplitude’

Index of the initially plotted dipole. Can also be ‘gof’ to plot the dipole with highest goodness of fit value or ‘amplitude’ to plot the dipole with the highest amplitude. The dipoles can also be browsed through using up/down arrow keys or mouse scroll. Defaults to ‘gof’. Only used if mode equals ‘orthoview’.

New in version 0.14.0.

show_allbool

Whether to always plot all the dipoles. If True (default), the active dipole is plotted as a red dot and it’s location determines the shown MRI slices. The the non-active dipoles are plotted as small blue dots. If False, only the active dipole is plotted. Only used if mode equals ‘orthoview’.

New in version 0.14.0.

axinstance of matplotlib Axes3D | None

Axes to plot into. If None (default), axes will be created. Only used if mode equals ‘orthoview’.

New in version 0.14.0.

blockbool

Whether to halt program execution until the figure is closed. Defaults to False. Only used if mode equals ‘orthoview’.

New in version 0.14.0.

showbool

Show figure if True. Defaults to True. Only used if mode equals ‘orthoview’.

scalefloat

The scale of the dipoles if mode is ‘arrow’ or ‘sphere’.

colortuple

The color of the dipoles if mode is ‘arrow’ or ‘sphere’.

figinstance of Figure3D | None

PyVista figure in which to plot the alignment. If None, creates a new 600x600 pixel figure with black background.

New in version 0.14.0.

verbosebool | str | int | None

Control verbosity of the logging output. If None, use the default verbosity level. See the logging documentation and mne.verbose() for details. Should only be passed as a keyword argument.

titlestr | None

The title of the figure if mode='orthoview' (ignored for all other modes). If None, dipole number and its properties (amplitude, orientation etc.) will be shown. Defaults to None.

New in version 0.21.0.

Returns
figinstance of Figure3D or matplotlib.figure.Figure

The PyVista figure or matplotlib Figure.

Notes

New in version 0.9.0.

Examples using plot_locations:

Source localization with equivalent current dipole (ECD) fit

Source localization with equivalent current dipole (ECD) fit

Source localization with equivalent current dipole (ECD) fit
Visualize source time courses (stcs)

Visualize source time courses (stcs)

Visualize source time courses (stcs)
Optically pumped magnetometer (OPM) data

Optically pumped magnetometer (OPM) data

Optically pumped magnetometer (OPM) data
save(fname, overwrite=False, *, verbose=None)[source]#

Save dipole in a .dip or .bdip file.

Parameters
fnamestr

The name of the .dip or .bdip file.

overwritebool

If True (default False), overwrite the destination file if it exists.

New in version 0.20.

verbosebool | str | int | None

Control verbosity of the logging output. If None, use the default verbosity level. See the logging documentation and mne.verbose() for details. Should only be passed as a keyword argument.

Notes

Changed in version 0.20: Support for writing bdip (Xfit binary) files.

to_mni(subject, trans, subjects_dir=None, verbose=None)[source]#

Convert dipole location from head to MNI coordinates.

Parameters
subjectstr

The FreeSurfer subject name.

transstr | dict | instance of Transform

If str, the path to the head<->MRI transform *-trans.fif file produced during coregistration. Can also be 'fsaverage' to use the built-in fsaverage transformation.

subjects_dirpath-like | None

The path to the directory containing the FreeSurfer subjects reconstructions. If None, defaults to the SUBJECTS_DIR environment variable.

verbosebool | str | int | None

Control verbosity of the logging output. If None, use the default verbosity level. See the logging documentation and mne.verbose() for details. Should only be passed as a keyword argument.

Returns
pos_mniarray, shape (n_pos, 3)

The MNI coordinates (in mm) of pos.

Examples using to_mni:

Source localization with equivalent current dipole (ECD) fit

Source localization with equivalent current dipole (ECD) fit

Source localization with equivalent current dipole (ECD) fit
to_mri(subject, trans, subjects_dir=None, verbose=None)[source]#

Convert dipole location from head to MRI surface RAS coordinates.

Parameters
subjectstr

The FreeSurfer subject name.

transstr | dict | instance of Transform

If str, the path to the head<->MRI transform *-trans.fif file produced during coregistration. Can also be 'fsaverage' to use the built-in fsaverage transformation.

subjects_dirpath-like | None

The path to the directory containing the FreeSurfer subjects reconstructions. If None, defaults to the SUBJECTS_DIR environment variable.

verbosebool | str | int | None

Control verbosity of the logging output. If None, use the default verbosity level. See the logging documentation and mne.verbose() for details. Should only be passed as a keyword argument.

Returns
pos_mriarray, shape (n_pos, 3)

The Freesurfer surface RAS coordinates (in mm) of pos.

Examples using to_mri:

Source localization with equivalent current dipole (ECD) fit

Source localization with equivalent current dipole (ECD) fit

Source localization with equivalent current dipole (ECD) fit
to_volume_labels(trans, subject='fsaverage', aseg='aparc+aseg', subjects_dir=None, verbose=None)[source]#

Find an ROI in atlas for the dipole positions.

Parameters
transstr | dict | instance of Transform | None

If str, the path to the head<->MRI transform *-trans.fif file produced during coregistration. Can also be 'fsaverage' to use the built-in fsaverage transformation. If trans is None, an identity matrix is assumed.

Changed in version 0.19: Support for ‘fsaverage’ argument.

subjectstr

The FreeSurfer subject name.

asegstr

The anatomical segmentation file. Default aparc+aseg. This may be any anatomical segmentation file in the mri subdirectory of the Freesurfer subject directory.

subjects_dirpath-like | None

The path to the directory containing the FreeSurfer subjects reconstructions. If None, defaults to the SUBJECTS_DIR environment variable.

verbosebool | str | int | None

Control verbosity of the logging output. If None, use the default verbosity level. See the logging documentation and mne.verbose() for details. Should only be passed as a keyword argument.

Returns
labelslist

List of anatomical region names from anatomical segmentation atlas.

Notes

New in version 0.24.

Examples using to_volume_labels:

Source localization with equivalent current dipole (ECD) fit

Source localization with equivalent current dipole (ECD) fit

Source localization with equivalent current dipole (ECD) fit

Examples using mne.Dipole#

Source localization with equivalent current dipole (ECD) fit

Source localization with equivalent current dipole (ECD) fit

Source localization with equivalent current dipole (ECD) fit
The role of dipole orientations in distributed source localization

The role of dipole orientations in distributed source localization

The role of dipole orientations in distributed source localization
Visualize source time courses (stcs)

Visualize source time courses (stcs)

Visualize source time courses (stcs)
Brainstorm Elekta phantom dataset tutorial

Brainstorm Elekta phantom dataset tutorial

Brainstorm Elekta phantom dataset tutorial
Brainstorm CTF phantom dataset tutorial

Brainstorm CTF phantom dataset tutorial

Brainstorm CTF phantom dataset tutorial
4D Neuroimaging/BTi phantom dataset tutorial

4D Neuroimaging/BTi phantom dataset tutorial

4D Neuroimaging/BTi phantom dataset tutorial
Plotting with ``mne.viz.Brain``

Plotting with mne.viz.Brain

Plotting with ``mne.viz.Brain``
Compute sparse inverse solution with mixed norm: MxNE and irMxNE

Compute sparse inverse solution with mixed norm: MxNE and irMxNE

Compute sparse inverse solution with mixed norm: MxNE and irMxNE
Compute MxNE with time-frequency sparse prior

Compute MxNE with time-frequency sparse prior

Compute MxNE with time-frequency sparse prior
Optically pumped magnetometer (OPM) data

Optically pumped magnetometer (OPM) data

Optically pumped magnetometer (OPM) data